Refractory linings are used in steel ladles in iron and steel industry, to protect the vessel structure from the molten steel (with temperature above 1600 °C). To increase the durability of the refractory lining, researching the possible failure causes is of importance. In recent decades, alumina spinel refractories have become a common material in the barrel zone of steel ladles in direct contact with steel. In this regard, the current study employed unit-cell finite element modeling technique to investigate the irreversible material behavior of alumina spinel bricks. At first, a study on the joint size and friction effect was conducted. Then, three distinct constitutive material models were assigned to the working lining, each corresponding to an irreversible deformation mechanism. The Norton-Bailey creep model was used to simulate creep behavior, the Drucker-Prager yield criterion was used to simulate shear failure, and concrete damaged plasticity was used to describe tensile failure. The findings of the three models were compared to understand how each phenomenon affected the lining's and steel shell's stress-strain response. The simulations showed the occurrence location and time of each irreversible behavior. The effect of considering plasticity for the steel shell on the mechanical behavior of the refractory lining was also investigated, which showed a decrease of irreversible strains at the working lining.

耐火内衬用于钢铁行业的钢包中，以保护容器结构免受钢水（温度高于1600°C）的影响。为了提高耐火衬里的耐久性，研究可能的失效原因很重要。近几十年来，氧化铝尖晶石耐火材料已成为与钢直接接触的钢包桶区的常用材料。在这方面，目前的研究采用单胞有限元建模技术来研究氧化铝尖晶石砖的不可逆材料行为。首先，对关节尺寸和摩擦效应进行了研究。然后，将三个不同的本构材料模型分配给工作衬里，每个模型对应一个不可逆的变形机制。Norton-Bailey蠕变模型用于模拟蠕变行为，Drucker-Prager屈服准则用于模拟剪切破坏，混凝土破坏塑性用于描述拉伸破坏。比较三个模型的结果，以了解每种现象如何影响衬里和钢壳的应力应变响应。模拟显示了每个不可逆行为的发生位置和时间。还研究了考虑钢壳可塑性对耐火衬里力学行为的影响，结果表明工作衬里的不可逆应变减少。比较三个模型的结果，以了解每种现象如何影响衬里和钢壳的应力应变响应。模拟显示了每个不可逆行为的发生位置和时间。还研究了考虑钢壳可塑性对耐火衬里力学行为的影响，结果表明工作衬里的不可逆应变减少。比较三个模型的结果，以了解每种现象如何影响衬里和钢壳的应力应变响应。模拟显示了每个不可逆行为的发生位置和时间。还研究了考虑钢壳可塑性对耐火衬里力学行为的影响，结果表明工作衬里的不可逆应变减少。