Abstract

The integration of denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation (DAMO) and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) simultaneously converts ammonium, methane, and oxidized nitrogen species (nitrite and nitrate) to harmless N₂ and CO₂. This integrated and complementary process achieves the nitrogen and carbon cycles in wastewater with the potential to be applied widely at full scale to realize energy-positive wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this review, we summarize the collaborative and competitive interactions of DAMO–Anammox microorganisms and systematically evaluate the challenges for the full-scale application of integrated DAMO–Anammox for wastewater treatment, including their extremely slow growth rate, low metabolic activity, and limited nitrogen and methene removal rate. We examine comprehensively the critical role of bioreactor design (attached, suspended, and granular sludge systems) for biomass retention and substrate transfer. The paper also discussed strategies involving trace elements (Cu(II) and Fe(II)), Zero Valent Iron (ZVI), and External Electrostatic Fields (EEFs) to enhance the DAMO–Anammox microbial activities. Further review is provided on the addition of Humics, quinone-compound anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDs), Fe(III), Mn(IV) as electron acceptors through extracellular electron transfer (EET) and couple with autotrophic denitrification (AuDen) (H₂S and Fe(II)) to accelerate nitrogen and methane removal. Finally, a conceptual design of innovative WWTPs based on the integrated DAMO–Anammox was proposed.

摘要

反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化 (DAMO) 和厌氧氨氧化 (Anammox) 的集成同时将铵、甲烷和氧化氮物质（亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐）转化为无害的 N ₂和 CO ₂. 这种集成和互补的过程实现了废水中的氮和碳循环，并有可能大规模广泛应用以实现能源积极的废水处理厂 (WWTP)。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 DAMO-Anammox 微生物的协作和竞争相互作用，并系统地评估了综合 DAMO-Anammox 在废水处理中的全面应用所面临的挑战，包括它们极慢的生长速度、低代谢活性和有限的氮。和亚甲基去除率。我们全面研究了生物反应器设计（附着、悬浮和颗粒污泥系统）对生物质保留和底物转移的关键作用。本文还讨论了涉及微量元素（Cu(II) 和 Fe(II)）、零价铁 (ZVI)、和外部静电场 (EEF) 以增强 DAMO-Anammox 微生物的活性。进一步审查了通过细胞外电子转移 (EET) 添加腐殖质、醌-化合物蒽醌-2,6-二磺酸盐 (AQD)、Fe(III)、Mn(IV) 作为电子受体并结合自养反硝化 (AuDen) ） （H₂ S 和 Fe(II)) 以加速氮和甲烷的去除。最后，提出了基于集成 DAMO-Anammox 的创新污水处理厂的概念设计。