Egyptian civilization has long flourished along the banks of the Nile, in the south (e.g. Luxor and Aswan), the Middle (e.g. Giza ‘Great Pyramids’) and North (e.g. San El-Hagar and Buto), as well as the less populated areas of the Sinai Peninsula, the Western Desert and the Red Sea coast. There are archaeological sites date back to the Palaeolithic period and cover the Pre-dynastic, Pharaonic, Hellenistic-Roman, Coptic and Muslim periods. Across the Nile Delta, many of these archaeological sites have disappeared beneath Nile alluvium from the annual inundation or through intensive agricultural use, climate changes and other anthropogenic activities. This study aims to detect the long-term changes in the landscape of the archaeological area of Burullus on the Mediterranean shoreline in the North Delta of Egypt. By combining data from historic topographic maps with Radar Sentinel-1 (High-resolution Level-1 GRD) and SRTM data, topographic signatures in satellite imagery can be compared with the historic record of archaeological sites, many of which are now lost. Image layering, enhancement and analysis using ENVI 5.1, ArcMap 10.4.1 and Snap 8.0 software as well as Google Earth Pro facilitated the imagery identification and acquisition. The results of this study provide a means of quantifying the significant loss of cultural heritage sites due to anthropogenic and natural changes in the landscape. This analysis has also identified two—previously unknown—potential archaeological sites. Finally, the reconstruction of the paleolandscape of the study area shows the changing relationships of ancient and historic settlements with natural and man-made waterways over time. Integrating remote sensing data and historic maps offers a method for evaluating paleolandscapes and locating disappeared archaeological sites that can be applied in other areas of Egypt and the world.

中文翻译：

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利用雷达卫星图像和 GEE 平台揭示埃及北部尼罗河三角洲考古遗址周围的古景观特征

埃及文明在尼罗河沿岸、南部（例如卢克索和阿斯旺）、中部（例如吉萨“大金字塔”）和北部（例如圣厄尔哈加尔和布托）以及人口较少的地区长期繁荣西奈半岛、西部沙漠和红海沿岸地区。考古遗址可以追溯到旧石器时代，涵盖前王朝、法老、希腊罗马、科普特和穆斯林时期。在整个尼罗河三角洲，这些考古遗址中的许多已经从尼罗河冲积层下因年度洪水或密集的农业使用、气候变化和其他人为活动而消失。本研究旨在探测埃及北部三角洲地中海沿岸布鲁鲁斯考古区景观的长期变化。通过将来自历史地形图的数据与 Radar Sentinel-1（高分辨率 Level-1 GRD）和 SRTM 数据相结合，可以将卫星图像中的地形特征与考古遗址的历史记录进行比较，其中许多考古遗址现已丢失。使用 ENVI 5.1、ArcMap 10.4.1 和 Snap 8.0 软件以及 Google Earth Pro 进行图像分层、增强​​和分析有助于图像识别和获取。这项研究的结果提供了一种量化由于景观的人为和自然变化而造成的文化遗产的重大损失的方法。这项分析还确定了两个以前未知的潜在考古遗址。最后，研究区古景观的重建显示了古代和历史定居点与自然和人造水道的关系随着时间的推移而变化。将遥感数据和历史地图相结合，为评估古景观和定位消失的考古遗址提供了一种方法，可应用于埃及和世界其他地区。