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Mechanistic understanding of the toxic effects of arsenic and warfare arsenicals on human health and environment
Cell Biology and Toxicology ( IF 5.3 ) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09710-8
Suhail Muzaffar 1 , Jasim Khan 1 , Ritesh Srivastava 1 , Marina S Gorbatyuk 2 , Mohammad Athar 1
Affiliation  

Worldwide, more than 200 million people are estimated to be exposed to unsafe levels of arsenic. Chronic exposure to unsafe levels of groundwater arsenic is responsible for multiple human disorders, including dermal, cardiovascular, neurological, pulmonary, renal, and metabolic conditions. Consumption of rice and seafood (where high levels of arsenic are accumulated) is also responsible for human exposure to arsenic. The toxicity of arsenic compounds varies greatly and may depend on their chemical form, solubility, and concentration. Surprisingly, synthetic organoarsenicals are extremely toxic molecules which created interest in their development as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) during World War I (WWI). Among these CWAs, adamsite, Clark I, Clark II, and lewisite are of critical importance, as stockpiles of these agents still exist worldwide. In addition, unused WWII weaponized arsenicals discarded in water bodies or buried in many parts of the world continue to pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Metabolic inhibition, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations including micro-RNA-dependent regulation are some of the underlying mechanisms of arsenic toxicity. Mechanistic understanding of the toxicity of organoarsenicals is also critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This review provides comprehensive details and a critical assessment of recently published data on various chemical forms of arsenic, their exposure, and implications on human and environmental health.

Graphical abstract



中文翻译:

砷和战争砷对人类健康和环境的毒性作用的机理理解

据估计,全世界有超过 2 亿人暴露在不安全水平的砷中。长期暴露于不安全水平的地下水砷会导致多种人类疾病,包括皮肤、心血管、神经、肺、肾和代谢疾病。食用大米和海鲜(其中积累了大量砷)也是导致人体接触砷的原因。砷化合物的毒性差异很大,可能取决于它们的化学形式、溶解度和浓度。令人惊讶的是,合成有机砷是剧毒分子,这在第一次世界大战 (WWI) 期间引起了人们对将其开发为化学战剂 (CWA) 的兴趣。在这些 CWA 中,adamsite、Clark I、Clark II 和 lewisite 至关重要,因为这些试剂的库存在世界范围内仍然存在。此外,丢弃在水体中或掩埋在世界许多地方的未使用的二战武器化砷继续对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。代谢抑制、氧化应激、遗传毒性和表观遗传改变(包括微 RNA 依赖性调节)是砷中毒的一些潜在机制。对有机砷毒性的机理理解对于开发有效的治疗干预措施也至关重要。这篇综述提供了全面的细节,并对最近发表的关于各种化学形式的砷、它们的暴露以及对人类和环境健康的影响的数据进行了重要评估。丢弃在水体中或掩埋在世界许多地方的未使用的二战武器化弹药继续对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。代谢抑制、氧化应激、遗传毒性和表观遗传改变(包括微 RNA 依赖性调节)是砷中毒的一些潜在机制。对有机砷毒性的机理理解对于开发有效的治疗干预措施也至关重要。这篇综述提供了全面的细节,并对最近发表的关于各种化学形式的砷、它们的暴露以及对人类和环境健康的影响的数据进行了重要评估。丢弃在水体中或掩埋在世界许多地方的未使用的二战武器化弹药继续对环境和人类健康构成严重威胁。代谢抑制、氧化应激、遗传毒性和表观遗传改变(包括微 RNA 依赖性调节)是砷中毒的一些潜在机制。对有机砷毒性的机理理解对于开发有效的治疗干预措施也至关重要。这篇综述提供了全面的细节,并对最近发表的关于各种化学形式的砷、它们的暴露以及对人类和环境健康的影响的数据进行了重要评估。和表观遗传改变,包括微 RNA 依赖性调节,是砷中毒的一些潜在机制。对有机砷毒性的机理理解对于开发有效的治疗干预措施也至关重要。这篇综述提供了全面的细节,并对最近发表的关于各种化学形式的砷、它们的暴露以及对人类和环境健康的影响的数据进行了重要评估。和表观遗传改变,包括微 RNA 依赖性调节,是砷中毒的一些潜在机制。对有机砷毒性的机理理解对于开发有效的治疗干预措施也至关重要。这篇综述提供了全面的细节,并对最近发表的关于各种化学形式的砷、它们的暴露以及对人类和环境健康的影响的数据进行了重要评估。

图形概要

更新日期:2022-04-01
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