Joint attention (JA) is an early manifestation of social cognition, commonly described as interactions in which an infant looks or gestures to an adult female to share attention about an object, within a positive emotional atmosphere. We label this description the JA phenotype. We argue that characterizing JA in this way reflects unexamined assumptions which are, in part, due to past developmental researchers' primary focus on western, middle-class infants and families. We describe a range of cultural variations in caregiving practices, socialization goals, and parenting ethnotheories as an essential initial step in viewing joint attention within inclusive and contextualized perspectives.

中文翻译：

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不同社会生态环境下人类和黑猩猩婴儿的共同关注

联合注意 (JA) 是社会认知的早期表现，通常被描述为婴儿在积极的情绪氛围中向成年女性看或做手势以分享对物体的关注的互动。我们将此描述标记为JA 表型。我们认为，以这种方式描述 JA 反映了未经检验的假设，部分原因是过去的发展研究人员主要关注西方、中产阶级婴儿和家庭。我们将护理实践、社会化目标和育儿民族理论中的一系列文化差异描述为在包容性和情境化的视角中看待共同关注的基本第一步。