Antibiotics like rifampicin are often persistent in the environment. When entering the water, it causes antimicrobial resistance that affects the ecosystem and accumulates in the aquatic organisms and affects human health through the food chain. In this study, titanium dioxide was doped with neodymium (0.01 to 0.8%) using the sol-gel hydrothermal method. TiO₂/Nd was then coated on rice husk ash to produce a modified TiO₂/Nd/rice husk ash material containing 0.36% (w/w) Nd. The structural characteristics and photocatalytic properties of the materials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, forbidden zone energy, and specific surface area. The TiO₂/Nd material exhibited a higher photocatalytic decomposition capacity than TiO₂ and depended on the Nd content. The rifampicin removal efficiency of TiO₂/Nd materials with 0.36 to 0.80% Nd contents was approximately 40% higher than that of TiO₂/Nd containing 0.01 to 0.28% Nd. A new photocatalytic TiO₂/Nd/rice husk ash material was developed to decompose rifampicin. The rifampicin-degrading efficiency of TiO₂/Nd and TiO₂/Nd/rice husk ash material reached approximately 86 and 75%, respectively, within 90 min under sunlight. Although a lower efficiency was obtained, the TiO₂/Nd/rice husk ash material was selected to degrade rifampicin residue in water via the photocatalytic process (under sunlight) because of its advantages such as requirement of a small amount and easy recovery. In the rifampicin removal process, k values were found to match the zero- and first-order kinetics. In particular, for TiO₂/Nd and TiO₂/Nd/rice husk ash under solar irradiation, R² values reached approximately 0.98. These results have been previously published as a preprint.

中文翻译：

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水溶液中去除利福平的改性纳米TiO2/Nd/稻壳灰材料的制备及光催化表征

利福平等抗生素通常在环境中持久存在。当进入水中时，它会引起抗菌素耐药性，影响生态系统并在水生生物中积累，并通过食物链影响人类健康。在这项研究中，二氧化钛使用溶胶-凝胶水热法掺杂了钕（0.01 至 0.8%）。然后将TiO ₂ /Nd涂覆在稻壳灰上以生产含有0.36%（w/w）Nd的改性TiO ₂ /Nd/稻壳灰材料。通过X射线衍射、能量色散X射线、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、禁区能量和比表面积等手段对材料的结构特征和光催化性能进行了分析。_二氧化钛/Nd材料表现出比TiO ₂更高的光催化分解能力并且取决于Nd含量。_{Nd含量为0.36~0.80%的TiO 2} /Nd材料的利福平去除率比Nd含量为0.01~0.28%的TiO ₂ /Nd材料的利福平去除效率高约40% 。开发了一种新型光催化TiO ₂ /Nd/稻壳灰材料来分解利福平。_{TiO 2} /Nd和TiO ₂ /Nd/稻壳灰材料的利福平降解效率在阳光下90分钟内分别达到约86%和75%。虽然获得了较低的效率，但 TiO ₂选用/Nd/稻壳灰材料通过光催化法（日光下）降解水中的利福平残留物，具有用量少、易回收等优点。在利福平去除过程中，发现k值与零级和一级动力学相匹配。特别是对于TiO ₂ /Nd和TiO ₂ /Nd/稻壳灰，在太阳辐照下，R ²值达到约0.98。这些结果之前已作为预印本发表。