Technological advances are enabling roles for machines that present novel ethical challenges. The study of 'AI ethics' has emerged to confront these challenges, and connects perspectives from philosophy, computer science, law, and economics. Less represented in these interdisciplinary efforts is the perspective of cognitive science. We propose a framework – computational ethics – that specifies how the ethical challenges of AI can be partially addressed by incorporating the study of human moral decision-making. The driver of this framework is a computational version of reflective equilibrium (RE), an approach that seeks coherence between considered judgments and governing principles. The framework has two goals: (i) to inform the engineering of ethical AI systems, and (ii) to characterize human moral judgment and decision-making in computational terms. Working jointly towards these two goals will create the opportunity to integrate diverse research questions, bring together multiple academic communities, uncover new interdisciplinary research topics, and shed light on centuries-old philosophical questions.

技术进步正在为提出新的道德挑战的机器提供支持。“人工智能伦理”的研究已经出现以应对这些挑战，并将哲学、计算机科学、法律和经济学的观点联系起来。在这些跨学科努力中较少体现的是认知科学的观点。我们提出了一个框架——计算伦理——它指定了如何通过结合人类道德决策的研究来部分解决人工智能的伦理挑战。该框架的驱动力是反思平衡 (RE) 的计算版本，这是一种寻求考虑的判断和管理原则之间的一致性的方法。该框架有两个目标：（i）为道德人工智能系统的工程提供信息，(ii) 用计算术语来描述人类的道德判断和决策。共同努力实现这两个目标将创造机会整合不同的研究问题，汇集多个学术团体，发现新的跨学科研究课题，并阐明数百年的哲学问题。