Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Ahead of Print.
Understanding the causes of large fluctuations in lake water levels is important for adaptive resource management. The relatively simple water budgets of small seepage lakes make them potentially useful model systems, provided that key water balance components can be well constrained. Here, spatial variability in measured rates of evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) at the whole lake scale was investigated, and the effect on daily and seasonal water balance estimates was quantified. To estimate spatial variability, triplicate sensor platforms were deployed on and near an 18 ha seepage lake. Lake stage (S) was monitored at a single node in the lake. The water balance was closed by estimating net groundwater seepage (Gnet) analytically as Gnet = ΔS – (P – E). Instrumentation on a second seepage lake was maintained by citizen scientists to assess the potential for more widespread sensor deployments. Data were collected at 30-minute time steps for six months. The results indicate that low-cost sensor networks with single nodes to measure E, P, and ΔS provide well-constrained water budgets at daily and seasonal time scales.

中文翻译：

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监测渗湖的水平衡，以跟踪区域对不断变化的气候的反应

加拿大渔业和水生科学杂志，印刷前。
了解湖泊水位大幅波动的原因对于适应性资源管理很重要。小型渗流湖相对简单的水量预算使其成为潜在有用的模型系统，前提是关键的水平衡组件可以得到很好的约束。在这里，研究了整个湖泊尺度上测量的蒸发率 (E) 和降水率 (P) 的空间变异性，并量化了对每日和季节性水平衡估计的影响。为了估计空间变异性，在一个 18 公顷的渗水湖上和附近部署了三个传感器平台。湖阶段 (S) 在湖中的单个节点进行监测。通过分析估计净地下水渗流 (Gnet) 来关闭水平衡，因为 Gnet = ΔS – (P – E)。公民科学家维护了第二个渗水湖上的仪器，以评估更广泛部署传感器的潜力。数据以 30 分钟的时间步长收集了六个月。结果表明，具有单个节点来测量 E、P 和 ΔS 的低成本传感器网络在每日和季节性时间尺度上提供了良好约束的水预算。