Parks as artificial non-forest tree stands that serve many useful functions for people can also act as refuges for specialised species that include, for example, cavity nesters. In 2017, (from March to end of May), using the example of 54 parks in the agricultural landscape of SE Poland, the importance of 9 basic habitat parameters was assessed (tree trunk diameter, health status of the trees, proportion of dead trees, management intensity, distance to the nearest forest, distance to a forest of >10 ha in area, park area, built-up area, area of tree cover surrounding the park), for the occurrence and richness of five cavity nesters. Rural parks serve refugia for cavity nesters in the agricultural landscape, such as Great Spotted and Syrian woodpeckers and secondary cavity nesters: European Starling, Eurasian Nuthatch and Eurasian Wryneck. The park size, as well as the presence of trees with large dimensions, were positively related to the occurrence and richness of most studied species. A small share of scattered built-up areas did not negatively affect the occurrence and richness of cavity nesters, and even positively affected the occurrence of Syrian woodpecker and Eurasian Wryneck. Only significant management intensity of the parks negatively influenced the Eurasian Wryneck occurrence, and richness of secondary cavity nesters and the whole cavity nester assemblage. The protection of parks with the characteristics listed above should also be taken into account when developing park management strategies, as such areas are important for species with greater ecological flexibility, and may support biodiversity in the agricultural landscape. The negative human impact on cavity nesters may be mitigated by the designation of ‘wild zones’ in the parks, which will save ecological valuable trees and at the same time ensure the safety of visitors.

公园作为人造的非森林树木，为人们提供许多有用的功能，也可以作为特殊物种的避难所，例如空巢巢穴。2017 年（从 3 月到 5 月底），以波兰东南部农业景观中的 54 个公园为例，评估了 9 个基本栖息地参数的重要性（树干直径、树木健康状况、死树比例, 管理强度, 到最近森林的距离, 到面积>10公顷的森林的距离, 公园面积, 建成区, 公园周围的树木覆盖面积), 五腔巢穴的发生和丰富度。乡村公园为农业景观中的巢穴筑巢者提供避难所，例如大斑啄木鸟和叙利亚啄木鸟以及次级穴居巢穴：欧洲椋鸟、欧亚五子雀和欧亚 Wryneck。公园的规模以及大尺寸树木的存在与大多数研究物种的出现和丰富度呈正相关。一小部分分散的建成区并没有对空巢巢穴的发生和丰富度产生负面影响，甚至对叙利亚啄木鸟和欧亚Wryneck的发生产生了积极影响。只有公园的显着管理强度对欧亚Wryneck的发生、次生巢穴和整个巢穴组合的丰富度产生了负面影响。在制定公园管理策略时，还应考虑对具有上述特征的公园的保护，因为这些区域对于具有更大生态灵活性的物种很重要，并且可能支持农业景观中的生物多样性。