Protected Areas (PAs) aim at safeguarding biodiversity and cultural values by regulating land use and land cover (LULC) within their boundaries. In the context of different PAs categories, urban planners have the challenge of temporally and spatially understand ecosystem services (ES) supply and demand. To shed light on this issue, we explored ES within two levels of PAs in one of the main cities in a large tropical forest. By analyzing LULC and mapping ES in sustainable use and full protection PAs in São Paulo (Brazil), we investigated the impacts on ES supply and demand resulting from 28 years of LULC changes. In the sustainable use area, we identified urban expansion and the increased pressure on urban parks. In contrast, full protection PAs blocked the urbanization resulted from major undertakings and blocked the urban sprawl to parts of the sustainable use area. We found possible trade-offs between water provision (positively affected) and tourism (negatively affected) in response to the loss of pasture and between water provision (negatively affected) and local climate regulation, and tourism (positively affected) associated with the increase in agriculture. Our study reveals that conservation targets for PAs decisions should address trade-offs among ES as a result of LULC changes derived from surrounding projects and associated interventions.

保护区 (PA) 旨在通过在其边界内规范土地使用和土地覆盖 (LULC) 来保护生物多样性和文化价值。在不同 PA 类别的背景下，城市规划者面临着在时间和空间上理解生态系统服务 (ES) 供需的挑战。为了阐明这个问题，我们在大型热带森林的一个主要城市的两个保护区内探索了 ES。通过分析 LULC 并在圣保罗（巴西）的可持续利用和全面保护保护区中绘制 ES，我们调查了 28 年 LULC 变化对 ES 供需的影响。在可持续利用领域，我们发现城市扩张和城市公园面临的压力增加。相比之下，全面保护的保护区阻止了重大工程导致的城市化，阻止了城市向部分可持续利用区域的扩张。我们发现供水（正面影响）和旅游业（负面影响）之间可能存在权衡，以应对牧场的丧失，供水（负面影响）和当地气候调节之间可能存在权衡，而旅游业（正面影响）则与农业的增加相关。农业。我们的研究表明，保护区决策的保护目标应该解决 ES 之间的权衡，这是由于周边项目和相关干预措施导致的 LULC 变化。我们发现供水（正面影响）和旅游业（负面影响）之间可能存在权衡，以应对牧场的丧失，供水（负面影响）和当地气候调节之间可能存在权衡，而旅游业（正面影响）则与农业的增加相关。农业。我们的研究表明，保护区决策的保护目标应该解决 ES 之间的权衡，这是由于周边项目和相关干预措施导致的 LULC 变化。我们发现供水（正面影响）和旅游业（负面影响）之间可能存在权衡，以应对牧场的丧失，供水（负面影响）和当地气候调节之间可能存在权衡，而旅游业（正面影响）则与农业的增加相关。农业。我们的研究表明，保护区决策的保护目标应该解决 ES 之间的权衡，这是由于周边项目和相关干预措施导致的 LULC 变化。