Brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) (BPH) is a devastating migratory rice pest in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Insecticide-induced population resurgence is a concern for BPH control. Exposure to low/sublethal concentrations of insecticides has resulted in increased reproduction and fitness as well as insecticide tolerance in many insects. Nitenpyram, a neonicotinoid insecticide, has been frequently used in BPH control. In the present study, the transgenerational hormesis effects in terms of fitness-related traits and insecticide tolerance induced by low concentrations of nitenpyram were reported in both susceptible (S) and field-collected strains (F) of BPH, after exposure to their respective LC₂₀ nitenpyram concentrations for six generations. Our findings stressed that chronic, multigenerational preconditioning of BPHs to LC₂₀ nitenpyram not only increased the biological fitness (in terms of life table parameters and estimated population size), but also primed BPHs to be more tolerate/resistant to insecticides nitenpyram, imidacloprid and cycloxaprid. The upregulation of detoxification (CYP6ER1) and fecundity-related (vitellogenin) genes in both the LC₂₀-preconditioned S and F strains (S-Sub₆ and F-Sub₆) might contribute to the increased insecticide tolerance and reproduction hormesis. These results support the hypothesis that BPH population outbreaks following multigenerational exposure to low concentrations of nitenpyram in field crops occur through increased reproduction and resistance development. Moreover, based on our results, sulfoxaflor and triflumezopyrim are proposed to be used in rotation with nitenpyram, imidacloprid or cycloxaprid to delay the development of tolerance/resistance in BPHs in paddy fields.

褐飞虱 ( Nilaparvata lugens ) (BPH) 是热带、亚热带和温带地区一种毁灭性的迁徙水稻害虫。杀虫剂引起的人口复苏是 BPH 控制的一个问题。暴露于低浓度/亚致死浓度的杀虫剂导致许多昆虫的繁殖和适应性增加以及对杀虫剂的耐受性。烯啶虫胺是一种新烟碱类杀虫剂，经常用于控制 BPH。在本研究中，在暴露于各自的 LC 后，在 BPH 的易感 (S) 和田间收集菌株 (F) 中报告了低浓度烯啶虫胺诱导的健康相关性状和杀虫剂耐受性方面的跨代兴奋效应。₂₀烯啶虫胺浓度为六代。我们的研究结果强调，BPHs 对 LC ₂₀烯啶虫胺的慢性、多代预处理不仅增加了生物适应性（就生命表参数和估计的种群规模而言），而且使 BPHs 对杀虫剂烯啶虫胺、吡虫啉和环虫嘧啶具有更高的耐受性/抗性。 . _{LC 20}预处理的S 和 F 菌株（S-Sub ₆和 F-Sub ₆ ）中解毒（CYP6ER1）和繁殖力相关（卵黄蛋白）基因的上调) 可能有助于提高杀虫剂耐受性和生殖兴奋。这些结果支持这样的假设，即多代人在大田作物中暴露于低浓度烯啶虫胺后 BPH 种群爆发是通过增加繁殖和抗性发展而发生的。此外，根据我们的研究结果，建议将磺胺嘧啶和氟虫嘧啶与烯啶虫胺、吡虫啉或环虫啶轮换使用，以延缓稻田 BPHs 耐受性/抗性的发展。