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Estimating change in annual timber products output using a stratified sampling with certainty design
Environmental and Ecological Statistics ( IF 3.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-23 , DOI: 10.1007/s10651-022-00533-8
James A. Westfall 1 , John W. Coulston 2
Affiliation  

A key aspect in understanding patterns in wood demand and harvesting activities is monitoring of timber products output by wood processing facilities. Estimation of change from year-to-year is necessary but is complicated due to shifts in the population as well as changing strata over time. Taking independent samples each year eases complexity, yet suffers from relatively large sampling error in comparison to other designs that take advantage of the covariance arising from correlated samples. In this study, a design intended to maximize the precision of the change estimate by retaining the initial sample to the extent possible was analyzed. Several approaches to estimating the covariance, with the primary challenge being that sometimes only a single sample unit occurred in both samples within a given stratum. Variance underestimation and overestimation were encountered depending on the covariance method. The best outcome was attained using a measure-of-size variable at the population level to approximate the covariance. However, this approach overestimated the variance by 11% in a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results suggested a 14% reduction in the standard error of the estimate was attainable from correlated samples relative to independent samples. Due to the challenges introduced for estimating the covariance for changing populations and strata over time, the value of relatively small reductions in sampling error need to be considered in the context of introducing complex and potentially unreliable covariance estimation methods.



中文翻译:

使用确定性设计的分层抽样估算木材产品年产量的变化

了解木材需求和采伐活动模式的一个关键方面是监测木材加工设施的木材产品输出。每年的变化估计是必要的,但由于人口的变化以及随着时间的推移而变化的阶层,这很复杂。每年抽取独立样本可以降低复杂性,但与其他利用相关样本产生的协方差的设计相比,抽样误差相对较大。在这项研究中,分析了旨在通过尽可能保留初始样本来最大限度地提高变化估计精度的设计。估计协方差的几种方法,主要挑战是有时在给定层内的两个样本中只出现一个样本单元。根据协方差方法,会遇到方差低估和高估。使用人口水平的大小测量变量来近似协方差,获得了最佳结果。然而,这种方法在蒙特卡罗模拟中高估了 11% 的方差。模拟结果表明,相对于独立样本,相关样本的估计标准误差可降低 14%。由于随着时间的推移为不断变化的人口和阶层估计协方差带来了挑战,因此在引入复杂且可能不可靠的协方差估计方法的背景下,需要考虑相对较小的抽样误差减少的价值。使用人口水平的大小测量变量来近似协方差,获得了最佳结果。然而,这种方法在蒙特卡罗模拟中高估了 11% 的方差。模拟结果表明,相对于独立样本,相关样本的估计标准误差可降低 14%。由于随着时间的推移为不断变化的人口和阶层估计协方差带来了挑战,因此在引入复杂且可能不可靠的协方差估计方法的背景下,需要考虑相对较小的抽样误差减少的价值。使用人口水平的大小测量变量来近似协方差,获得了最佳结果。然而,这种方法在蒙特卡罗模拟中高估了 11% 的方差。模拟结果表明,相对于独立样本,相关样本的估计标准误差可降低 14%。由于随着时间的推移为不断变化的人口和阶层估计协方差带来了挑战,因此在引入复杂且可能不可靠的协方差估计方法的背景下,需要考虑相对较小的抽样误差减少的价值。模拟结果表明,相对于独立样本,相关样本的估计标准误差可降低 14%。由于随着时间的推移为不断变化的人口和阶层估计协方差带来了挑战,因此在引入复杂且可能不可靠的协方差估计方法的背景下,需要考虑相对较小的抽样误差减少的价值。模拟结果表明,相对于独立样本,相关样本的估计标准误差可降低 14%。由于随着时间的推移为不断变化的人口和阶层估计协方差带来了挑战,因此在引入复杂且可能不可靠的协方差估计方法的背景下,需要考虑相对较小的抽样误差减少的价值。

更新日期:2022-03-23
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