The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to increased concern over transmission of pathogens from humans to animals, and its potential to threaten conservation and public health. To assess this threat, we reviewed published evidence of human-to-wildlife transmission events, with a focus on how such events could threaten animal and human health. We identified 97 verified examples, involving a wide range of pathogens; however, reported hosts were mostly non-human primates or large, long-lived captive animals. Relatively few documented examples resulted in morbidity and mortality, and very few led to maintenance of a human pathogen in a new reservoir or subsequent “secondary spillover” back into humans. We discuss limitations in the literature surrounding these phenomena, including strong evidence of sampling bias towards non-human primates and human-proximate mammals and the possibility of systematic bias against reporting human parasites in wildlife, both of which limit our ability to assess the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission. We outline how researchers can collect experimental and observational evidence that will expand our capacity for risk assessment for human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission.

中文翻译：

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评估人类与野生动物病原体传播的风险，以促进保护和公共卫生

SARS-CoV-2 大流行已引起人们对病原体从人类向动物的传播及其威胁保护和公共健康的可能性的日益关注。为了评估这种威胁，我们回顾了已发表的人与野生动物传播事件的证据，重点关注此类事件如何威胁动物和人类健康。我们确定了 97 个经过验证的示例，涉及广泛的病原体；然而，报告的宿主大多是非人类灵长类动物或大型长寿圈养动物。记录在案的例子相对较少，导致发病率和死亡率，很少有导致人类病原体在新水库中维持或随后“二次溢出”回人类的例子。我们讨论了围绕这些现象的文献中的局限性，包括对非人类灵长类动物和接近人类的哺乳动物的抽样偏差的有力证据，以及对报告野生动物中人类寄生虫的系统偏差的可能性，这两者都限制了我们评估人类与野生动物病原体传播风险的能力。我们概述了研究人员如何收集实验和观察证据，这些证据将扩大我们对人类与野生动物病原体传播进行风险评估的能力。