Translational control of mRNAs is a point of convergence for many oncogenic signals through which cancer cells tune protein expression in tumorigenesis. Cancer cells rely on translational control to appropriately adapt to limited resources while maintaining cell growth and survival, which creates a selective therapeutic window compared to non-transformed cells. In this review, we first discuss how cancer cells modulate the translational machinery to rapidly and selectively synthesize proteins in response to internal oncogenic demands and external factors in the tumor microenvironment. We highlight the clinical potential of compounds that target different translation factors as anti-cancer therapies. Next, we detail how RNA sequence and structural elements interface with the translational machinery and RNA-binding proteins to coordinate the translation of specific pro-survival and pro-growth programs. Finally, we provide an overview of the current and emerging technologies that can be used to illuminate the mechanisms of selective translational control in cancer cells as well as within the microenvironment.

中文翻译：

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癌症中的蛋白质合成控制：选择性和治疗靶向。

mRNA 的翻译控制是许多致癌信号的汇聚点，癌细胞通过这些信号调节肿瘤发生中的蛋白质表达。癌细胞依靠转化控制来适当地适应有限的资源，同时维持细胞生长和存活，与未转化的细胞相比，这创造了一个选择性治疗窗口。在这篇综述中，我们首先讨论了癌细胞如何调节翻译机制以快速和选择性地合成蛋白质，以响应肿瘤微环境中的内部致癌需求和外部因素。我们强调了针对不同翻译因子的化合物作为抗癌疗法的临床潜力。下一个，我们详细介绍了 RNA 序列和结构元素如何与翻译机制和 RNA 结合蛋白相互作用，以协调特定促生存和促生长程序的翻译。最后，我们概述了可用于阐明癌细胞以及微环境中选择性翻译控制机制的当前和新兴技术。