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Anxiety in Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): Can scratching be used as an indicator?
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23373 Fabrizio Dell'Anna 1 , Gabriele Schino 2 , Filippo Aureli 1, 3
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.0 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-21 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23373 Fabrizio Dell'Anna 1 , Gabriele Schino 2 , Filippo Aureli 1, 3
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Self-directed behavior, such as self-scratching (hereafter, scratching), occurs in several taxa across the animal kingdom, including nonhuman primates. There is substantial evidence that scratching is an indicator of anxiety-like emotions in a variety of nonhuman primate species. Despite its importance as a window into emotional states, few studies have investigated scratching in Platyrrhines. We investigated scratching patterns of 24 Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) belonging to a group living in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh protected area in the Yucatàn peninsula (Mexico). We assessed whether scratching could be used as an indicator of anxiety levels in this species by testing predictions based on contexts and behaviors associated with risk and uncertainty. We found no effect of the subject's sex and age, subgroup size, male presence, and the occurrence of fusions between subgroups on scratching rates. Similarly, we found no effect of infant proximity on their mother's scratching rates. Supporting our prediction, we found evidence that isolation from conspecifics affected scratching rates as individuals scratched more frequently the more time they spent isolated. Being in proximity with a partner with a relationship characterized by uncertainty affected scratching rates as individuals scratched more frequently when in proximity with a partner with whom they engaged in embraces (an indicator of uncertainty) than when in proximity with a partner with whom they did not exchange embraces. Our study provides insight into the factors affecting scratching in Geoffroy's spider monkeys, suggesting that scratching may indicate anxiety in this species at least in some contexts and thus opening a window into the emotional experience of another Platyrrhine monkey species.
中文翻译：
Geoffroy 蜘蛛猴 (Ateles geoffroyi) 的焦虑：抓挠可以作为指标吗？
自我导向的行为，例如自我抓挠（以下称为抓挠），发生在整个动物界的几个分类群中，包括非人类灵长类动物。有大量证据表明，抓挠是各种非人类灵长类动物类焦虑情绪的指标。尽管它作为进入情绪状态的窗口很重要，但很少有研究调查在桔梗中抓挠。我们调查了 24 只 Geoffroy 蜘蛛猴 ( Ateles geoffroyi ) 的抓痕模式，这些蜘蛛猴属于生活在Otoch Ma ' ax Yetel Kooh的一个群体尤卡坦半岛（墨西哥）的保护区。我们通过测试基于与风险和不确定性相关的背景和行为的预测，评估了抓挠是否可以用作该物种焦虑水平的指标。我们发现受试者的性别和年龄、亚组大小、男性存在以及亚组之间融合的发生对抓挠率没有影响。同样，我们发现婴儿接近对他们母亲的抓挠率没有影响。支持我们的预测，我们发现有证据表明，与同种动物隔离会影响抓挠率，因为个体在隔离中花费的时间越多，抓挠就越频繁。与具有不确定性关系的伴侣接近会影响抓挠率，因为个人在与他们拥抱的伴侣（不确定性指标）接近时比与他们没有与之接触的伴侣更频繁地抓挠交换拥抱。我们的研究提供了对影响 Geoffroy 蜘蛛猴抓挠的因素的深入了解，这表明至少在某些情况下，抓挠可能表明该物种的焦虑，从而为了解另一种桔梗猴的情感体验打开了一扇窗。
更新日期：2022-03-21
中文翻译：
Geoffroy 蜘蛛猴 (Ateles geoffroyi) 的焦虑：抓挠可以作为指标吗？
自我导向的行为，例如自我抓挠（以下称为抓挠），发生在整个动物界的几个分类群中，包括非人类灵长类动物。有大量证据表明，抓挠是各种非人类灵长类动物类焦虑情绪的指标。尽管它作为进入情绪状态的窗口很重要，但很少有研究调查在桔梗中抓挠。我们调查了 24 只 Geoffroy 蜘蛛猴 ( Ateles geoffroyi ) 的抓痕模式，这些蜘蛛猴属于生活在Otoch Ma ' ax Yetel Kooh的一个群体尤卡坦半岛（墨西哥）的保护区。我们通过测试基于与风险和不确定性相关的背景和行为的预测，评估了抓挠是否可以用作该物种焦虑水平的指标。我们发现受试者的性别和年龄、亚组大小、男性存在以及亚组之间融合的发生对抓挠率没有影响。同样，我们发现婴儿接近对他们母亲的抓挠率没有影响。支持我们的预测，我们发现有证据表明，与同种动物隔离会影响抓挠率，因为个体在隔离中花费的时间越多，抓挠就越频繁。与具有不确定性关系的伴侣接近会影响抓挠率，因为个人在与他们拥抱的伴侣（不确定性指标）接近时比与他们没有与之接触的伴侣更频繁地抓挠交换拥抱。我们的研究提供了对影响 Geoffroy 蜘蛛猴抓挠的因素的深入了解，这表明至少在某些情况下，抓挠可能表明该物种的焦虑，从而为了解另一种桔梗猴的情感体验打开了一扇窗。
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