Contradictory findings about whether agentic women are penalized or rewarded persist in gender and leadership research. To account for these divergent effects, we distinguish between agentic traits that people believe female leaders ought to possess (i.e., agency prescriptions) and ought not possess (i.e., agency proscriptions). We draw on expectancy violation theory to suggest that an agentic advantage is elicited when women are perceived to violate agency prescriptions (e.g., competence), whereas an agentic disadvantage is elicited when they are perceived to violate agency proscriptions (e.g., dominance). We first developed and validated a new, six-factor measure of agency in Studies 1 and 2, CADDIS (i.e., Competent agency, Ambitious agency, Dominant agency, Diligent agency, Independent agency, and Self-assured agency). We theorized that these agency factors represented distinct agency prescriptions and proscriptions for men and women. In Studies 3-5, we found that this six-factor conceptualization of agency not only reconciles existing tensions within the gender and leadership literature, but also leads to a different understanding of past conclusions-an agentic advantage occurs when women are perceived to possess competent agency, diligent agency, and independent agency, and an agentic disadvantage occurs when women are perceived to possess dominant agency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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使用 CADDIS 代理测量来协调女性代理的优势和劣势。

在性别和领导力研究中，关于女性代理人是受到惩罚还是奖励的矛盾发现一直存在。为了解释这些不同的影响，我们区分了人们认为女性领导者应该拥有（即代理处方）和不应该拥有（即代理禁止）的代理特征。我们利用预期违背理论表明，当女性被认为违反机构规定（例如，能力）时会引发代理优势，而当她们被认为违反机构禁令（例如，支配）时会引发代理劣势。我们首先在研究 1 和 2 CADDIS（即，主管机构、雄心勃勃的机构、主导机构、勤奋机构、独立机构和自信机构）中开发并验证了一种新的六因素机构测量方法。我们的理论是，这些代理因素代表了男性和女性的不同代理处方和禁令。在研究 3-5 中，我们发现代理的这种六因素概念化不仅调和了性别和领导力文献中现有的紧张关系，而且导致对过去结论的不同理解——当女性被认为拥有胜任能力时，代理优势就会出现代理、勤奋代理和独立代理，当女性被认为拥有主导代理时，就会出现代理劣势。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。但也会导致对过去结论的不同理解——当女性被认为拥有胜任的代理、勤奋的代理和独立的代理时，代理优势就会出现，而当女性被认为拥有主导代理时，代理劣势就会出现。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。但也会导致对过去结论的不同理解——当女性被认为拥有胜任的代理、勤奋的代理和独立的代理时，代理优势就会出现，而当女性被认为拥有主导代理时，代理劣势就会出现。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。