Multisource leadership ratings rely on the assumption that-in addition to the leader's self-evaluation-different rater groups (i.e., subordinates, peers, and superiors) bring in unique perspectives and thus provide a more well-rounded analysis of the leader's behavior. However, the way in which multisource data are typically treated in research offers little information about the precise levels of overlap and uniqueness that are encapsulated in these different perspectives. Drawing on the Trait-Reputation-Identity (TRI) model, we propose a model that conceptualizes these shared and unique perspectives in terms of latent factors reflecting, respectively, (a) the consensus about the leader (i.e., the leadership Arena), (b) the impressions conveyed to others that are distinct from self-perceptions (i.e., the leader's Reputation), and (c) the unique self-perceptions of the leader (i.e., the leader's Identity). This Leadership Arena-Reputation-Identity (LARI) model is formalized by means of bifactor modeling, which allows to statistically decompose the variance captured by multisource ratings. The LARI model was tested against five alternative models in two large multisource samples (N1 leaders = 537, N1 observers = 7,337; N2 leaders = 1,255, N2 observers = 15,777), each using different leadership instruments. In both samples, the LARI bifactor model outperformed the alternative models. A subsequent variance decomposition showed that each rater source indeed provides unique information about the target's behavior, although in varying degree. Across all leadership dimensions in both samples, superiors consistently provided the largest share of unique information among the three observer groups. Implications and future directions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

领导力竞技场-声誉-身份 (LARI) 模型：区分多源领导力评级中的共享和独特观点。

多源领导力评级依赖于这样的假设——除了领导者的自我评价——不同的评估者群体（即下属、同级和上级）带来独特的观点，从而提供对领导者行为的更全面的分析。然而，研究中通常处理多源数据的方式几乎没有提供有关封装在这些不同观点中的重叠和独特性的精确级别的信息。借鉴特质-声誉-身份 (TRI) 模型，我们提出了一个模型，根据潜在因素将这些共享和独特的观点概念化，分别反映了 (a) 关于领导者的共识（即领导力竞技场），（ b) 传达给他人的与自我认知不同的印象（即领导者的声誉），(c) 领导者独特的自我认知（即领导者的身份）。这种领导力竞技场-声誉-身份 (LARI) 模型通过双因素建模形式化，它允许统计分解多源评级捕获的方差。LARI 模型在两个大型多源样本（N1 领导者 = 537，N1 观察者 = 7,337；N2 领导者 = 1,255，N2 观察者 = 15,777）中针对五个替代模型进行了测试，每个模型都使用不同的领导工具。在这两个样本中，LARI 双因素模型都优于替代模型。随后的方差分解表明，每个评估者来源确实提供了有关目标行为的独特信息，尽管程度不同。在两个样本的所有领导维度中，在三个观察组中，上级始终提供最大份额的独特信息。讨论了影响和未来的方向。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2022 APA，保留所有权利）。