Abstract

We present the experimental results of the toxicity of the aquatic environment polluted with petroleum products (diesel fuel and AI-95 gasoline), obtained using complex bioassay of standard test organisms: daphnia Daphnia magna, freshwater hydra Hydra attenuate, and zebrafish Brachidanio rerio. Petroleum products have acute toxicity for all types of test organisms at a concentration of 0.1 cm³/dm³ for diesel fuel and 0.2 cm³/dm³ for AI-95 gasoline. The mechanisms of the toxic effect of petroleum products on hydrobionts are discussed. An ingress of a large amount of oil products into a natural reservoir threatens the functioning of the aquatic ecosystem due to a decline or disappearance of sensitive species of aquatic organisms, primarily invertebrates. Under these conditions, a film of insoluble fractions of oil products is formed on the water surface, the access of oxygen from the air to the water is disrupted (falls to 2–3 cm³ O₂/dm³), and hydrobionts die from hypoxia. Water-soluble fractions of petroleum products enter organisms and poison them. The initial stages of development of aquatic organisms—fish embryos and fry or invertebrate nauplii—are the most sensitive to the toxic effects of petroleum products. Petroleum products caused an increase in the frequency of nuclear disorders in fish blood cells in surviving individuals, which indicates a genotoxic effect compared to the cytological parameters of the control group of fish.

中文翻译：

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使用综合生物测定法测定石油产品对水生生物的毒性

摘要

我们展示了被石油产品（柴油燃料和 AI-95 汽油）污染的水生环境毒性的实验结果，该结果是使用标准测试生物的复杂生物测定获得的：大型水蚤、淡水水螅和斑马鱼Brachidanio rerio。石油产品对所有类型的试验生物体具有急性毒性，柴油浓度为 0.1 cm ³ /dm ^{3和 0.2 cm 3} /dm ³用于 AI-95 汽油。讨论了石油产品对水生生物的毒性作用机制。由于水生生物（主要是无脊椎动物）的敏感物种减少或消失，大量石油产品进入天然储层会威胁水生生态系统的功能。在这些条件下，在水面上形成一层油产品不溶性馏分的薄膜，空气中的氧气进入水中的通道被破坏（下降到 2-3 cm ³ O ₂ /dm ³)，水生生物死于缺氧。石油产品的水溶性部分进入有机体并毒害它们。水生生物发育的初始阶段——鱼胚胎和鱼苗或无脊椎动物无节幼体——对石油产品的毒性作用最敏感。石油产品导致幸存个体鱼血细胞核疾病的频率增加，与对照组鱼的细胞学参数相比，这表明存在遗传毒性效应。