Sam Berstler defends a general moral advantage for misleading over lying by arguing that liars, but not misleaders, act unfairly toward the other members of their linguistic community. This article spells out three difficulties for Berstler’s account. First, though Berstler aims to avoid an error theory, it is dubitable that her account fits with intuitions on the matter. Second, there are some lies that do not exhibit the unfairness Berstler identifies. Third, fairness is not the only morally relevant difference between lying and misleading.

中文翻译：

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说谎、误导和公平

山姆·伯斯特勒（Sam Berstler）通过辩称说谎者（而非误导者）对语言社区的其他成员不公平地行事，为误导而不是说谎辩护了一般道德优势。这篇文章阐明了 Berstler 的三个困难。首先，尽管 Berstler 旨在避免错误理论，但她的说法是否符合对此事的直觉是值得怀疑的。其次，有些谎言没有表现出 Berstler 所指出的不公平。第三，公平并不是说谎和误导之间唯一在道德上相关的区别。