Droop control, inertia control, and PD control are three typical frequency response (FR) strategies of grid-tied inverters interfaced renewable energy sources (RES) to restrain the power system frequency indicators, i.e., frequency deviation ( $\Delta \omega $ ) and the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). Due to the highly limited inverter capacity, the FR performance in power systems with high RES penetration should be optimized. To this end, this paper first analyzes the impact of high-penetration renewable energy injection on power system frequency stability, and derives the system frequency expressions in the absence of an FR scheme, and in the presence of droop/inertia/PD controls that are representative for various virtual synchronous generator-based FR schemes. Under the same constraint of available FR capacity, control parameter ranges of these FR schemes are obtained, and their optimal conditions for restraining the maxima of $\Delta \omega $ and RoCoF are identified and compared analytically. Comparison conclusions are finally proved by the provided experiment and simulation results.

中文翻译：

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可再生能源高渗透率电力系统典型频率响应策略的性能比较

下垂控制、惯性控制和 PD 控制是并网逆变器与可再生能源 (RES) 接口的三种典型频率响应 (FR) 策略，用于抑制电力系统频率指标，即频率偏差 ( $\三角洲\欧米茄$ ) 和频率变化率 (RoCoF)。由于逆变器容量非常有限，因此应优化具有高 RES 渗透率的电力系统中的 FR 性能。为此，本文首先分析了高渗透可再生能源注入对电力系统频率稳定性的影响，并推导了在没有FR方案和存在下垂/惯性/PD控制时的系统频率表达式。代表各种基于虚拟同步发电机的FR方案。在相同的可用FR容量约束下，得到了这些FR方案的控制参数范围，以及它们抑制最大容量的最优条件。 $\三角洲\欧米茄$和 RoCoF 被识别和分析比较。最后通过所提供的实验和仿真结果证明了比较结论。