Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as = 10⁻¹⁸ s) in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced, at the beginning for the temporal characterization of the pulses, and immediately after for the investigation of electronic and nuclear ultrafast dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids with unprecedented temporal resolution. The attosecond spectroscopic tools established in the last two decades, together with the development of sophisticated theoretical methods for the interpretation of the experimental outcomes, allowed to unravel and investigate physical processes never observed before, such as the delay in photoemission from atoms and solids, the motion of electrons in molecules after prompt ionization which precede any notable nuclear motion, the temporal evolution of the tunneling process in dielectrics, and many others. This review focused on applications of attosecond techniques to the investigation of ultrafast processes in atoms, molecules and solids. Thanks to the introduction and ongoing developments of new spectroscopic techniques, the attosecond science is rapidly moving towards the investigation, understanding and control of coupled electron–nuclear dynamics in increasingly complex systems, with ever more accurate and complete investigation techniques. Here we will review the most common techniques presenting the latest results in atoms, molecules and solids.

中文翻译：

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阿秒光谱学用于研究原子、分子和固态物理学中的超快动力学

自首次演示阿秒脉冲的产生以来 (1 as = 10 ⁻¹⁸s) 在极紫外光谱区，引入了几种测量技术，首先用于脉冲的时间表征，然后立即以前所未有的时间分辨率研究原子、分子和固体中的电子和核超快动力学. 在过去二十年中建立的阿秒光谱工具，以及用于解释实验结果的复杂理论方法的发展，允许揭示和研究以前从未观察到的物理过程，例如原子和固体的光发射延迟，在任何显着的核运动之前的迅速电离后分子中电子的运动，电介质中隧道过程的时间演化，以及许多其他。这篇综述的重点是阿秒技术在原子、分子和固体超快过程研究中的应用。由于新光谱技术的引入和不断发展，阿秒科学正迅速朝着研究、理解和控制日益复杂的系统中耦合电子-核动力学的方向发展，研究技术更加准确和完整。在这里，我们将回顾最常用的技术，展示原子、分子和固体的最新成果。在越来越复杂的系统中理解和控制耦合电子-核动力学，具有越来越准确和完整的调查技术。在这里，我们将回顾最常用的技术，展示原子、分子和固体的最新成果。在越来越复杂的系统中理解和控制耦合电子-核动力学，具有越来越准确和完整的调查技术。在这里，我们将回顾最常用的技术，展示原子、分子和固体的最新成果。