This study empirically investigates the nexus among energy use, agricultural land expansion, deforestation, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in Malaysia. Time series data from 1990 to 2019 were utilized using the bounds testing (ARDL) approach followed by the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The DOLS estimate findings show that the energy usage coefficient is positive and significant with CO₂ emissions, indicating a 1% increase in energy consumption is related to a 0.91% rise in CO₂ emissions. In addition, the coefficient of agricultural land is positive, which indicates that agricultural land expansion by 1% is associated with an increase in CO₂ emissions by 0.84% in the long run. Furthermore, the forested area coefficient is negative, which means that decreasing 1% of the wooded area (i.e., deforestation) has a long-term effect of 5.41% increased CO₂ emissions. Moreover, the pairwise Granger causality test results show bidirectional causality between deforestation and energy use; and unidirectional causality from energy use to CO₂ emissions, agricultural land expansion to CO₂ emissions, deforestation to CO₂ emissions, agricultural land expansion to energy use, and deforestation to agricultural land expansion in Malaysia. The empirical findings reveal that increased energy use, agricultural land expansion, and deforestation have a negative impact on environmental quality in Malaysia. Thus, the effective implementation of policy measures to promote renewable energy, climate-smart agriculture, and sustainable management of forest ecosystems could be useful for reducing environmental degradation in Malaysia.

本研究实证调查了马来西亚能源使用、农业用地扩张、森林砍伐和二氧化碳 (CO _{2 ) 排放之间的关系。}使用边界测试 (ARDL) 方法和动态普通最小二乘法 (DOLS) 方法使用了 1990 年至 2019 年的时间序列数据。DOLS 估计结果表明，能源使用系数与 CO ₂排放量呈正相关且显着，表明能源消耗量增加 1% 与 CO 2 排放量增加 0.91%_相关。此外，农用地系数为正，表明农用地扩大1%与CO _{2增加有关。}从长远来看，排放量减少了 0.84%。_{此外，森林面积系数为负，这意味着减少 1% 的森林面积（即砍伐森林）具有 5.41% 的 CO 2}排放量增加的长期影响。此外，成对格兰杰因果关系检验结果表明森林砍伐和能源使用之间存在双向因果关系；_{以及从能源使用到 CO 2}排放、农业用地扩张到 CO ₂排放、森林砍伐到 CO ₂的单向因果关系在马来西亚，排放、农业用地扩张到能源使用以及森林砍伐导致农业用地扩张。实证结果表明，能源使用增加、农业用地扩张和森林砍伐对马来西亚的环境质量产生负面影响。因此，有效实施促进可再生能源、气候智能型农业和森林生态系统可持续管理的政策措施可能有助于减少马来西亚的环境退化。