Drawing on data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (n = 10,700), we evaluate indirect effects − via parent negative psychology and harsh-inconsistent parenting − of income harshness, unpredictability, and their interaction on kindergarteners’ socioemotional development. Income harshness is operationalized as the typical level of family income-to-needs across four repeated measurements from 9 months to kindergarten and unpredictability as random variation across the same repeated measurements. Results indicate that the effects of greater income harshness and the harshness-X-unpredictability interaction (reflecting more predictable income harshness) on more “problematic” child behavior operated via both parent negative psychology (i.e., greater psychological stress) and harsh-inconsistent parenting. Results underscore the utility of simultaneously investigating effects of income harshness and unpredictability, as well as their interaction and mechanisms of influence.

借鉴早期儿童纵向研究出生队列的数据（n= 10,700)，我们评估了间接影响——通过父母的消极心理和苛刻的不一致养育方式——收入苛刻、不可预测性及其对幼儿园儿童社会情感发展的相互作用。从 9 个月到幼儿园的四次重复测量中，收入苛刻被操作为典型的家庭收入需求水平，不可预测性被操作为相同重复测量中的随机变化。结果表明，更大的收入严酷和严酷-X-不可预测性相互作用（反映更可预测的收入严酷）对更多“有问题的”儿童行为的影响是通过父母的消极心理（即更大的心理压力）和严苛的不一致养育方式起作用的。