The Atlantic Forest in Paraguay has been severely affected by large-scale habitat loss and fragmentation, processes that have increasingly isolated its protected areas. Here we identified priority areas capable of maximizing connectivity between protected areas for multiple species while minimizing potential socio-economic conflicts in Paraguay's Atlantic Forest. We built multi-scale habitat suitability models for 15 species and mapped connectivity using circuit theory and least-cost path methods. Then, we used connectivity maps and different socio-economic factors to identify priority areas. We created three scenarios to explore the effects of including socio-economic factors in prioritization: Optimized-connectivity Scenario that assumes no conflicts; Optimistic Conflict Scenario that seeks a balance between biodiversity and socio-economic interests, with the former having greater priority over the latter; and Pessimistic Conflict Scenario that represents a high conflict situation. The inclusion of socio-economic data in the analysis caused a shift in priority areas from east to west and reduced the representation of connectivity by up to 15%. Regardless of the scenario considered, forest restoration is needed to improve connectivity. The Optimistic Conflict Scenario returned the likely most cost-effective solution because, compared to the Optimized-connectivity Scenario, the 7% decline in connectivity (from 34 to 27%) was offset by a reduction in restoration efforts from 2.2% to 0.6% of the study area. Our study presents solutions to balance the trade-offs between socio-economic issues and connectivity conservation in Paraguay's Atlantic Forest. In particular, well-planned conservation and restoration efforts outside protected boundaries have the potential to improve connectivity while boosting local socio-economic development.

巴拉圭的大西洋森林受到大规模栖息地丧失和破碎化的严重影响，这些过程越来越多地孤立其保护区。在这里，我们确定了能够最大限度地提高多个物种保护区之间的连通性，同时最大限度地减少巴拉圭大西洋森林潜在的社会经济冲突的优先领域。我们为 15 个物种建立了多尺度栖息地适宜性模型，并使用电路理论和最低成本路径方法绘制了连通性。然后，我们使用连通性地图和不同的社会经济因素来确定优先领域。我们创建了三个场景来探索将社会经济因素纳入优先级的影响： 假设没有冲突的优化连接场景；在生物多样性和社会经济利益之间寻求平衡的乐观冲突情景，前者优先于后者；和悲观冲突情景，代表高度冲突情况。分析中纳入社会经济数据导致优先领域从东向西转移，并将连通性的代表性降低了 15%。无论考虑何种情况，都需要恢复森林以改善连通性。乐观冲突情景返回了可能最具成本效益的解决方案，因为与优化连接情景相比，连接下降 7%（从 34% 下降到 27%）被恢复工作量从 2.2% 下降到 0.6% 所抵消。研究区域。我们的研究提出了平衡巴拉圭大西洋森林社会经济问题和连通性保护之间权衡的解决方案。特别是，在受保护边界之外精心策划的保护和恢复工作有可能在促进当地社会经济发展的同时改善连通性。