Proper droplet diameter and kinetic energy can effectively reduce the risk of soil erosion during low-pressure sprinkler irrigation. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the radial distributions of droplet diameter, velocity, kinetic energy, kinetic energy per unit droplet volume, and specific power for three common low-pressure sprinklers, i.e. Nelson D3000, R3000 and Komet KPT, with two operating pressures (103 and 138 kPa) and three nozzle outlet diameters (3.97, 5.95 and 7.94 mm). Additionally, the relationships between these droplet characteristic parameters were analysed. Overall, the maximum values of five characteristic parameters were observed at the end of the jet under various treatments. Although R3000 had a larger droplet diameter (0.10–6.42 mm) and kinetic energy (1.08 × 10⁻¹⁰–8.59 × 10⁻³ J) distribution range than D3000 and KPT, the D3000 specific power (mean value of 0.4274 W m⁻²) was the highest of the three sprinklers. Therefore, KPT was suggested more in low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than in the other two sprinklers because its application rates were reduced along the radial direction. In addition to selecting a suitable sprinkler type for minimizing specific power, determining a reasonable sprinkler spacing was also significant (P < 0.01). Furthermore, a universal specific power model with an appropriate accuracy (RMSE = 0.011 W m⁻², NRMSE = 29%) was proposed. This study provides a key basis for the selection and combination of low-pressure sprinklers.

中文翻译：

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低压喷头液滴直径和动能综合评估和建模

合适的液滴直径和动能可以有效降低低压喷灌过程中水土流失的风险。在本研究中，我们综合评估了Nelson D3000、R3000和Komet KPT三种常见低压喷头在两种工作压力下的液滴直径、速度、动能、单位液滴体积动能和比功率的径向分布。 （103 和 138 kPa）和三个喷嘴出口直径（3.97、5.95 和 7.94 毫米）。此外，分析了这些液滴特征参数之间的关系。总体而言，在各种处理下，在射流结束时观察到五个特征参数的最大值。虽然 R3000 具有较大的液滴直径 (0.10–6.42 mm) 和动能 (1.08 × 10 ^-10 –8.59 × 10^-3  J) 分布范围比 D3000 和 KPT，D3000 比功率（平均值为 0.4274 W m ^-2）是三个喷头中最高的。因此，KPT 在低压喷灌中的应用比在其他两种喷灌中更多，因为它的施用量沿径向降低。除了选择合适的喷头类型以最小化比功率外，确定合理的喷头间距也很重要（P  < 0.01）。此外，提出了具有适当精度（RMSE = 0.011 W m ^-2，NRMSE = 29%）的通用比功率模型。本研究为低压喷头的选择和组合提供了关键依据。