The impact of environmental context on the psychological benefits derived from physical activity has attracted research attention in recent years. Previous reviews have compared effects of indoor versus outdoor exercise. This review compares the effects of physical activity undertaken in outdoor green natural environments versus outdoor urban environments on psychological health outcomes in adult general populations. An electronic literature search identified 24 experimental studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Results were analysed via narrative synthesis (n = 24) and meta-analysis (n = 9) of effect on six outcomes. Narrative synthesis found in favour of the natural environment for anxiety, anger/hostility, energy, affect and positive engagement. Post-intervention effect sizes suggested duration and social context as potential moderators. The meta-analyses revealed large or moderate effects in favour of the natural environment for anxiety, fatigue, positive affect and vigour, and a small effect for depression. Results were subject to high risk of bias and heterogeneity. Physical activity undertaken outdoors in natural environments is more beneficial for a range of psychological outcomes compared with urban environments. The various effect sizes evident in the meta-analyses may be explained by differing mechanisms through which psychological gains are experienced during physical activity in nature.

中文翻译：

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自然与城市环境中户外体育活动的心理益处：对实验研究的系统评价和荟萃分析

近年来，环境背景对体育活动产生的心理益处的影响引起了研究的关注。以前的评论比较了室内和室外运动的效果。本综述比较了在户外绿色自然环境与户外城市环境中进行的体育活动对成年普通人群心理健康结果的影响。电子文献检索确定了 24 项符合纳入标准的实验研究。结果通过叙述综合（n  = 24）和荟萃分析（n = 9) 对六个结果的影响。叙事综合发现有利于焦虑、愤怒/敌意、精力、情感和积极参与的自然环境。干预后效应量表明持续时间和社会背景是潜在的调节因素。荟萃分析显示，自然环境对焦虑、疲劳、积极情绪和活力有很大或中等影响，对抑郁有小影响。结果受到高偏倚和异质性风险的影响。与城市环境相比，在自然环境中进行的户外体育活动对一系列心理结果更有益。荟萃分析中明显的各种影响大小可以通过不同的机制来解释，通过这些机制在自然界的身体活动中体验到心理收益。