Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) plays vital roles in cell metabolism, cell signaling, and gene expression regulation. NAD⁺ shows intricate subcellular distribution and dynamic changes in diverse biological processes; however, traditional biochemical assays usually require cell lysis, making it technically difficult to measure NAD⁺ metabolism in live cells or in vivo. Recently, a few genetically encoded and semisynthetic fluorescent sensors have been used to monitor NAD⁺ metabolism in a variety of biological settings. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the development of fluorescent sensors for NAD⁺ and their applications in life science research. We further analyze their advantages, limitations, and perspectives for future development.

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 (NAD ⁺ ) 在细胞代谢、细胞信号传导和基因表达调控中起着至关重要的作用。NAD ⁺在不同的生物过程中表现出复杂的亚细胞分布和动态变化；然而，传统的生化检测通常需要细胞裂解，因此在技术上难以测量活细胞或体内的NAD ^+代谢。最近，一些基因编码和半合成荧光传感器已被用于监测各种生物环境中的NAD ^{+代谢。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 NAD +}荧光传感器的最新进展及其在生命科学研究中的应用。我们进一步分析了它们的优势、局限性和未来发展的前景。