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Multiple drivers and controls of pockmark formation across the Canterbury Margin, New Zealand
Basin Research ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 , DOI: 10.1111/bre.12663 Aaron Micallef 1, 2 , Tanita Averes 3 , Jasper Hoffmann 4 , Gareth Crutchley 1 , Joshu J. Mountjoy 5 , Mark Person 6 , Denis Cohen 2 , Susanne Woelz 5 , Sarah J. Bury 5 , Chibuzo Valeria Ahaneku 2, 7 , Daniele Spatola 2 , Neeske Luebben 8 , Stefano Miserocchi 9 , Sebastian Krastel 3 , Martina Torelli 2 , Kamaldeen. O. L. Omosanya 2
Basin Research ( IF 2.8 ) Pub Date : 2022-03-10 , DOI: 10.1111/bre.12663 Aaron Micallef 1, 2 , Tanita Averes 3 , Jasper Hoffmann 4 , Gareth Crutchley 1 , Joshu J. Mountjoy 5 , Mark Person 6 , Denis Cohen 2 , Susanne Woelz 5 , Sarah J. Bury 5 , Chibuzo Valeria Ahaneku 2, 7 , Daniele Spatola 2 , Neeske Luebben 8 , Stefano Miserocchi 9 , Sebastian Krastel 3 , Martina Torelli 2 , Kamaldeen. O. L. Omosanya 2
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Shallow seabed depressions attributed to focused fluid seepage, known as pockmarks, have been documented in all continental margins. In this study, we demonstrate how pockmark formation can be the result of a combination of multiple factors—fluid type, overpressures, seafloor sediment type, stratigraphy and bottom currents. We integrate multibeam echosounder and seismic reflection data, sediment cores and pore water samples, with numerical models of groundwater and gas hydrates, from the Canterbury Margin (off New Zealand). More than 6800 surface pockmarks, reaching densities of 100 per km2, and an undefined number of buried pockmarks, are identified in the middle to outer shelf and lower continental slope. Fluid conduits across the shelf and slope include shallow to deep chimneys/pipes. Methane with a biogenic and/or thermogenic origin is the main fluid forming flow and escape features, although saline and freshened groundwaters may also be seeping across the slope. The main drivers of fluid flow and seepage are overpressure across the slope generated by sediment loading and thin sediment overburden above the overpressured interval in the outer shelf. Other processes (e.g. methane generation and flow, a reduction in hydrostatic pressure due to sea-level lowering) may also account for fluid flow and seepage features, particularly across the shelf. Pockmark occurrence coincides with muddy sediments at the seafloor, whereas their planform is elongated by bottom currents.
中文翻译：
新西兰坎特伯雷边缘的麻点形成的多个驱动程序和控制
在所有大陆边缘都记录了由集中流体渗漏引起的浅海床凹陷，称为麻点。在这项研究中，我们展示了麻点的形成如何是多种因素组合的结果——流体类型、超压、海底沉积物类型、地层和底流。我们将来自坎特伯雷边缘（新西兰附近）的多波束回声测深仪和地震反射数据、沉积物岩心和孔隙水样本与地下水和天然气水合物的数值模型相结合。超过 6800 个表面麻点，密度达到每公里 100 个2，以及未确定数量的埋藏麻点，在中部到外层陆架和大陆坡下部被识别。横跨架子和斜坡的流体管道包括从浅到深的烟囱/管道。具有生物和/或热源的甲烷是主要的流体形成流动和逃逸特征，尽管咸水和新鲜地下水也可能渗过斜坡。流体流动和渗流的主要驱动因素是由沉积物加载产生的斜坡上的超压和外陆架超压层段上方的薄沉积物覆盖层。其他过程（例如甲烷的产生和流动，由于海平面下降导致静水压力降低）也可能解释流体流动和渗流特征，特别是跨大陆架。麻点的出现与海底泥泞的沉积物相吻合，
更新日期：2022-03-10
中文翻译：
新西兰坎特伯雷边缘的麻点形成的多个驱动程序和控制
在所有大陆边缘都记录了由集中流体渗漏引起的浅海床凹陷，称为麻点。在这项研究中，我们展示了麻点的形成如何是多种因素组合的结果——流体类型、超压、海底沉积物类型、地层和底流。我们将来自坎特伯雷边缘（新西兰附近）的多波束回声测深仪和地震反射数据、沉积物岩心和孔隙水样本与地下水和天然气水合物的数值模型相结合。超过 6800 个表面麻点，密度达到每公里 100 个2，以及未确定数量的埋藏麻点，在中部到外层陆架和大陆坡下部被识别。横跨架子和斜坡的流体管道包括从浅到深的烟囱/管道。具有生物和/或热源的甲烷是主要的流体形成流动和逃逸特征，尽管咸水和新鲜地下水也可能渗过斜坡。流体流动和渗流的主要驱动因素是由沉积物加载产生的斜坡上的超压和外陆架超压层段上方的薄沉积物覆盖层。其他过程（例如甲烷的产生和流动，由于海平面下降导致静水压力降低）也可能解释流体流动和渗流特征，特别是跨大陆架。麻点的出现与海底泥泞的沉积物相吻合，
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