• ➤ Biological aging can best be conceptualized clinically as a combination of 3 components: frailty, comorbidity, and disability.
• ➤ Despite advancements in the understanding of senescence, chronological age remains the best estimate of biological age. However, a useful exercise for practitioners is to look beyond chronological age in clinical and surgical decision-making.
• ➤ A chronologically aging person does not age biologically at the same rate.
• ➤ The best way to understand frailty is to consider it as a physical phenotype.
• ➤ Physical optimization should parallel medical optimization before elective surgery.
• ➤ The poorer the host (both in terms of bone quality and propensity for healing), the more robust the implant construct must be to minimize reliance on host biology.

中文翻译：

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概念化骨科中的生物衰老和虚弱：临床实践框架

• ➤ 生物衰老在临床上可以最好地概念化为 3 个组成部分的组合：虚弱、合并症和残疾。
• ➤ 尽管对衰老的理解有所进步，但实足年龄仍然是对生物学年龄的最佳估计。然而，对于从业者来说，一个有用的练习是在临床和手术决策中超越实际年龄。
• ➤ 一个按时间顺序衰老的人在生物学上不会以相同的速度衰老。
• ➤ 理解虚弱的最佳方式是将其视为一种生理表型。
• ➤ 物理优化应与择期手术前的医学优化并行。
• ➤ 宿主越差（在骨骼质量和愈合倾向方面），种植体结构必须越坚固，以尽量减少对宿主生物学的依赖。