Violence, Miller has argued, ‘is foundational to gender, and vice versa’,¹ whilst Gersen and Suk noted in the US context following Lawrence v Texas² that ‘violence and subordination are now the key concepts for illegal sex’³ with Fischel observing that ‘sex laws are today more calibrated to routing subordination and violence than to preserving marriage and morality’.⁴ In other words, as the legal landscape regulating gender and sexuality has shifted, so too have the justifications relating to law. However, power – and its regulation through criminal law – can be seen as a key concept worthy of further exploration for the varying ways that the criminal law constructs and contests its operation.

中文翻译：

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性别和性行为中的暴力和社会法律干预

米勒认为，暴力“是性别的基础，反之亦然”，¹而 Gersen 和 Suk 在劳伦斯诉德克萨斯²之后的美国背景下指出，“暴力和从属关系现在是非法性行为的关键概念” ³，Fischel 观察到“今天的性法律更倾向于消除从属关系和暴力，而不是维护婚姻和道德”。⁴换言之，随着规范性别和性行为的法律环境发生变化，与法律相关的正当理由也发生了变化。然而，权力——以及通过刑法对其进行监管——可以被视为一个关键概念，对于刑法构建和质疑其运作的不同方式，值得进一步探索。