This study examined bidirectional relations between television exposure and effortful control accounting for the effects of family contextual risk factors. Data were from a sample (N = 306) of parents and their preschool-age children (T1 M = 36 mos. in 2008–2010) assessed four times, once every 9 mos. At T1, adolescent parent status predicted lower child delay ability (DA), and maternal depression predicted higher TV time. Above these effects, higher T1 and T2 child executive control (EC) prospectively predicted lower T2 and T3 TV time, while higher T1 TV time predicted lower T2 EC. Higher EC at T4 predicted fewer total problems, greater social competence, and greater academic readiness at T4, and higher TV time at T4 predicted lower academic readiness. DA was unrelated to TV time or adjustment. Findings suggest executive control and TV time predict changes in each other in early childhood, and in turn, executive control predicts better child adjustment while TV time might be more relevant for academic readiness. Moreover, family risk factors appear to play a role in both TV viewing time and effortful control.

中文翻译：

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在家庭风险因素的背景下，电视暴露和努力控制的双向关系作为幼儿期调整的预测因素的测试

这项研究考察了电视接触和努力控制之间的双向关系，考虑了家庭背景风险因素的影响。数据来自 父母及其学龄前儿童 (  T1 M = 36 个月。2008-2010 年）评估了四次，每 9 个月一次。在 T1 时，青少年父母状态预示着孩子延迟能力 (DA) 较低，而母亲抑郁则预示着看电视时间较长。除了这些效应之外，较高的 T1 和 T2 儿童执行控制 (EC) 前瞻性地预测较低的 T2 和 T3 电视时间，而较高的 T1 电视时间则预测较低的 T2 EC。T4 时的 EC 较高，预示着 T4 时的总体问题较少、社交能力较强、学术准备度较高，而 T4 时的电视时间较长，则预示着学术准备度较低。DA 与电视时间或调整无关。研究结果表明，执行控制和电视时间可以预测幼儿时期彼此的变化，反过来，执行控制可以预测孩子更好的适应，而电视时间可能与学业准备更相关。而且，