A systematic review was conducted to examine expected economic outcomes of rubber-based agroforestry systems during mature rubber stage in comparison with monoculture rubber farming. Twelve studies were identified for a narrative synthesis of economic outcomes of the mature rubber production systems. The review found that whilst monoculture rubber production may produce higher income in some cases, particularly when rubber prices are high, profitable diversified rubber agroforestry systems were reported in all but one study. Rubber agroforestry has the potential to reduce the vulnerability of smallholders to volatile markets for rubber, particularly if the share of income from secondary species is substantial. Shade-tolerant crops with small canopies (e.g. coffee, bamboo and tea) are reported as ideal intercrops for rubber. Economically advantageous systems reported appeared to be rubber combined with species which provide additional income in the medium to long term (e.g. sheep and high value timber) and/or enhance ongoing cash flow with a lengthy productive lifespan and regular harvests (e.g. durian and gnetum). However, these systems are subject to many constraints such as labour availability, investment and management capacity and market conditions for secondary products. The review showed an absence of farm portfolio studies aimed at finding risk reducing enterprise combinations. Future research on economic outcomes of rubber agroforestry systems should firstly distinguish traditional jungle rubber from rubber agroforestry systems which use clonal rubber similar to those used in monoculture rubber, and secondly consider the full value of secondary products even if they are grown for own consumption.

进行了一项系统评价，以检验橡胶成熟期橡胶农林系统与单一种植橡胶农业相比的预期经济成果。确定了 12 项研究，用于对成熟橡胶生产系统的经济成果进行叙述性综合。审查发现，虽然单一种植橡胶生产在某些情况下可能会产生更高的收入，特别是在橡胶价格较高的情况下，但除一项研究外，所有研究都报告了盈利的多元化橡胶农林业系统。橡胶农林业有可能降低小农对橡胶市场波动的脆弱性，特别是如果来自次生物种的收入份额很大。据报道，具有小檐篷的耐荫作物（例如咖啡、竹子和茶）是理想的橡胶间作作物。报告的具有经济优势的系统似乎是橡胶与在中长期提供额外收入的物种（例如绵羊和高价值木材）和/或增强持续现金流的物种，具有较长的生产寿命和定期收获（例如榴莲和藜麦） . 然而，这些系统受到许多限制，例如劳动力可用性、投资和管理能力以及二级产品的市场条件。审查表明，缺乏旨在寻找降低风险的企业组合的农场组合研究。未来对橡胶农林系统经济成果的研究应首先将传统的丛林橡胶与橡胶农林系统区分开来，后者使用类似于单作橡胶的克隆橡胶，