Atomic nuclei are composite systems, and they may be dynamically excited during nuclear reactions. Such excitations are not only relevant to inelastic scattering but they also affect other reaction processes such as elastic scattering and fusion. The coupled-channels approach is a framework which can describe these reaction processes in a unified manner. It expands the total wave function of the system in terms of the ground and excited states of the colliding nuclei, and solves the coupled Schrödinger equations to obtain the $S$-matrix, from which several cross sections can be constructed. This approach has been a standard tool to analyze experimental data for nuclear reactions. In this paper, we review the present status and the recent developments of the coupled-channels approach. This includes the microscopic coupled-channels method and its application to cluster physics, the continuum discretized coupled-channels (CDCC) method for breakup reactions, the semi-microscopic approach to heavy-ion subbarrier fusion reactions, the channel coupling effects on nuclear astrophysics and syntheses of superheavy elements, and inclusive breakup and incomplete fusion reactions of weakly-bound nuclei.

原子核是复合系统，它们可能在核反应过程中被动态激发。这种激发不仅与非弹性散射有关，而且还会影响其他反应过程，例如弹性散射和聚变。耦合通道方法是一个可以统一描述这些反应过程的框架。它根据碰撞核的基态和激发态展开系统的总波函数，并求解耦合薛定谔方程得到$\mathrm{小号}$-矩阵，从中可以构建几个横截面。这种方法一直是分析核反应实验数据的标准工具。在本文中，我们回顾了耦合通道方法的现状和最新发展。这包括微观耦合通道方法及其在团簇物理中的应用、用于分裂反应的连续离散耦合通道 (CDCC) 方法、重离子亚势垒聚变反应的半微观方法、通道耦合对核天体物理学的影响和超重元素的合成，以及弱结合核的包容性分裂和不完全聚变反应。