Electrochemical (EC) actuators have garnered significant attention in recent years, yet there are still some critical challenges to limit their application range, such as responsive time, multifunctionality, and actuating direction. Herein, an EC actuator with a back-to-back structure is fabricated by stacking two membranes with bilayer V₂O₅ nanowires/single-walled carbon nanotubes (V₂O₅ NWs/SWCNTs) networks, and shows a synchronous high actuation amplitude (about ±9.7 mm, ±28.4°) and multiple color changes. In this back-to-back structure, the inactive SWCNTs layer is used as a conductive current collector, and the bilayer network is attached to a porous polymer membrane. The dual-responsive processes of V₂O₅ nanowires (V₂O₅ NWs) actuation films and actuators are also deeply investigated through in situ EC X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the EC actuation of the V₂O₅ NWs/SWCNTs film is highly related to the redox behavior of the pseudocapacitive V₂O₅ NWs layer. At last, both V₂O₅ NWs and W₁₈O₄₉ nanowires (W₁₈O₄₉ NWs)-based EC actuators are constructed to demonstrate the multicolor changes and multidirectional actuation induced by the opposite lattice changes of V₂O₅ NWs and W₁₈O₄₉ NWs during ionic de-/intercalation, guiding the design of multifunctional EC actuators in the future.

中文翻译：

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具有多色变化和多方向驱动的电化学驱动器

近年来，电化学（EC）执行器受到了广泛关注，但仍然存在一些限制其应用范围的关键挑战，例如响应时间、多功能性和执行方向。在此，具有背靠背结构的 EC 致动器是通过堆叠两个具有双层 V ₂ O ₅纳米线/单壁碳纳米管 (V ₂ O ₅ NWs/SWCNTs) 网络的膜制成的，并显示出同步的高致动幅度（约±9.7 mm，±28.4°）和多种颜色变化。在这种背靠背结构中，非活性 SWCNT 层用作导电集电器，双层网络连接到多孔聚合物膜上。_{V 2} O的双重反应过程₅纳米线（V ₂ O ₅ NWs）驱动薄膜和驱动器也通过原位EC X射线衍射和拉曼光谱进行了深入研究。结果表明，V ₂ O _{5 NWs/SWCNTs薄膜的EC驱动与赝电容V 2} O ₅ NWs层的氧化还原行为高度相关。最后，构建了基于V ₂ O ₅ NWs和W ₁₈ O ₄₉纳米线（W ₁₈ O ₄₉ NWs）的EC致动器，以展示由V _{2的相反晶格变化引起的多色变化和多方向致动。}O ₅ NWs 和 W ₁₈ O ₄₉ NWs 在离子脱嵌/嵌入过程中，指导未来多功能 EC 致动器的设计。