History is full of violence and oppression within and between groups, and although group conflicts enhance within-group cooperation (mediated by oxytocin, which promotes parochial altruism) the hierarchy within groups ensures that spoils accrue very unevenly. Darwin suggested, and we now know, that sexual selection is as powerful as selection by mortality, and the main purpose of survival is reproduction. Male reproductive skew is greater than that among females in all societies, but the difference became much greater after the hunting-gathering era, and the rise of so-called "civilization" was everywhere a process of predatory expansion, producing kingdoms and empires where top males achieved astounding heights of reproductive success. This was shown by historical and ethnographic data now strongly confirmed by genomic science. Psychological research confirms that group identity, out-group stigmatization, leadership characterized by charisma, the will to power, narcissism, sociopathy, and cruelty, and followership characterized by hypnotic obedience, loss of individuality, and cruelty are integral parts of human nature. We can thank at least ten or twelve millennia of microevolutionary processes such as those described above, all more prominent in males than females. Followers in wars have faced a difficult risk-benefit analysis, but if they survived and won they too could increase their reproductive success through the rape and other sexual exploitation that have accompanied almost all wars. For modern leaders, social monogamy and contraception have separated autocracy from reproductive success, but only partly, and current worldwide autocratic trends still depend on the evolved will to power, obedience, and cruelty.

中文翻译：

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历史与进化相同吗？不。它独立于进化吗？当然不是。

历史充满了群体内部和群体之间的暴力和压迫，尽管群体冲突增强了群体内部的合作（由促进狭隘利他主义的催产素介导），但群体内部的等级制度确保了战利品的积累非常不均匀。达尔文提出，我们现在知道，性选择与死亡选择一样强大，生存的主要目的是繁殖。在所有社会中，男性生殖偏差都大于女性，但这种差异在狩猎采集时代之后变得更大，所谓“文明”的兴起到处都是掠夺性扩张的过程，产生了最高等级的王国和帝国。雄性的繁殖成功率达到了惊人的高度。历史和人种学数据证明了这一点，现已得到基因组科学的有力证实。心理学研究证实，群体认同、外群体污名化、以魅力为特征的领导力、权力意志、自恋、反社会和残忍以及以催眠式服从、丧失个性和残忍为特征的追随者是人性的组成部分。我们可以感谢至少十到十二千年的微进化过程，例如上面描述的那些，所有这些在男性中比女性更为突出。战争中的追随者面临着困难的风险收益分析，但如果他们幸存并获胜，他们也可以通过几乎所有战争都伴随的强奸和其他性剥削来提高他们的繁殖成功率。对于现代领导人来说，社会一夫一妻制和避孕措施将独裁与生殖成功分开，但只是部分地分开，当前世界范围内的独裁趋势仍然取决于不断演变的权力、服从和残忍的意志。