Humans have coevolved with the trillions of resident microbes that populate every nook and cranny of the body. At each site, the resident microbiota creates a unique ecosystem specialized to its environment, benefiting the development and maintenance of human physiology through harmonious symbiotic relationships with the host. However, when the resident microbiota is perturbed, significant complications may arise with disastrous consequences that affect the local and distant ecosystems. In this context, periodontal disease results in inflammation beyond the oral cavity, such as in the gastrointestinal tract. Accumulating evidence indicates that potentially harmful oral resident bacteria (referred to as pathobionts) and pathogenic immune cells in the oral mucosa can migrate to the lower gastrointestinal tract and contribute to intestinal inflammation. We will review the most recent advances concerning the periodontal connection with intestinal inflammation from microbiological and immunological perspectives. Potential therapeutic approaches that target the connection between the mouth and the gut to treat gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, will be examined. Deciphering the complex interplay between microbes and immunity along the mouth–gut axis will provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of both oral and gut pathologies and present therapeutic opportunities.

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牙周与肠道炎症的联系：微生物学和免疫学机制

人类已经与数以万亿计的常驻微生物共同进化，这些微生物遍布身体的每一个角落和缝隙。在每个地点，常驻微生物群创建了一个独特的生态系统，专门针对其环境，通过与宿主和谐共生的关系，有利于人类生理的发展和维持。然而，当居民微生物群受到干扰时，可能会出现严重的并发症，并带来影响当地和遥远生态系统的灾难性后果。在这种情况下，牙周病会导致口腔以外的炎症，例如胃肠道。越来越多的证据表明，口腔黏膜中潜在有害的口腔常驻细菌（称为致病菌）和致病性免疫细胞可以迁移到下消化道并导致肠道炎症。我们将从微生物学和免疫学的角度回顾牙周与肠道炎症相关的最新进展。将研究针对口腔和肠道之间的连接来治疗胃肠道疾病（如炎症性肠病）的潜在治疗方法。破译沿口腔-肠道轴的微生物和免疫之间复杂的相互作用，将有助于更好地了解口腔和肠道疾病的发病机制，并提供治疗机会。我们将从微生物学和免疫学的角度回顾牙周与肠道炎症相关的最新进展。将研究针对口腔和肠道之间的连接来治疗胃肠道疾病（如炎症性肠病）的潜在治疗方法。破译沿口腔-肠道轴的微生物和免疫之间复杂的相互作用，将有助于更好地了解口腔和肠道疾病的发病机制，并提供治疗机会。我们将从微生物学和免疫学的角度回顾牙周与肠道炎症相关的最新进展。将研究针对口腔和肠道之间的连接来治疗胃肠道疾病（如炎症性肠病）的潜在治疗方法。破译沿口腔-肠道轴的微生物和免疫之间复杂的相互作用，将有助于更好地了解口腔和肠道疾病的发病机制，并提供治疗机会。