Purpose

The purpose of this article is to determine how terrorist financiers have continued to exploit hawala banking in German-speaking countries, despite regulations in place to prohibit this.

Design/methodology/approach

The first author interviewed compliance officers and suspected criminals on hawala banking mechanisms. Formal interviews with compliance officers were recorded, but interviews with suspected criminals were not, to maximize their potential forthrightness. The number of interviews totaled to 70 and a questionnaire was based on this that was sent to 200 compliance officers. The interviews were analyzed with a qualitative analysis and developed a system of categories that, in turn, was assessed by means of triangulation. These interviews enabled the first author to translate the empirical findings into his own recommendations for improving regulatory procedures prohibiting the financing of terrorism.

Findings

The paper finds that it is possible to circumvent compliance measures and exploit hawala banking to finance terrorism. Compliance officers consider the chances of detecting terrorist financing to be “low,” which is illustrated by mapping out the individual steps of the asset transfer. The conducted interviews enabled the first author to translate the empirical findings into his own recommendations for improving regulatory procedures prohibiting the financing of terrorism.

Research limitations/implications

The scope of application of results was duly considered.

Originality/value

Whilst the existing literature sufficiently connects hawala banking to terrorist financing, this article details how existing compliance measures are circumvented. Emergent policies must consider the current vulnerabilities to improve their effectiveness.

中文翻译：

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德语国家滥用哈瓦拉银行为恐怖主义融资

目的

本文的目的是确定恐怖分子金融家如何继续利用德语国家的哈瓦拉银行业务，尽管有法规禁止这样做。

设计/方法/方法

第一作者就哈瓦拉银行机制采访了合规官员和犯罪嫌疑人。记录了与合规官员的正式面谈，但没有记录对犯罪嫌疑人的面谈，以最大限度地提高他们潜在的直率。访谈总数为 70 次，并以此为基础向 200 名合规官员发送了问卷调查。通过定性分析对访谈进行分析，并开发了一个类别系统，然后通过三角测量进行评估。这些采访使第一作者能够将实证结果转化为他自己的建议，以改进禁止资助恐怖主义的监管程序。

发现

该论文发现，有可能规避合规措施并利用哈瓦拉银行为恐怖主义提供资金。合规官员认为发现恐怖主义融资的机会“很低”，这可以通过绘制资产转移的各个步骤来说明。所进行的采访使第一作者能够将实证结果转化为他自己的建议，以改进禁止资助恐怖主义的监管程序。

研究限制/影响

适当考虑了结果的适用范围。

原创性/价值

虽然现有文献充分将哈瓦拉银行与恐怖主义融资联系起来，但本文详细介绍了如何规避现有的合规措施。紧急政策必须考虑当前的脆弱性以提高其有效性。