This study investigated Hmong American adolescents’ perceptions of their mother as helping them understand race as Asian American youths in an urban context. Twenty-four Hmong American adolescents ages 14 to 18 (M = 15.8; 67% female; 54% U.S. born, 46% born in Southeast Asia) participated in semi-structured interviews, following approval of the Institutional Review Board. Directed content analysis revealed three themes of racial, ethnic, and neutral socialization practices. Frequently, responses reflected the categories of racism awareness, racial group identification, and diversity awareness, as well as no discussion of race (racial socialization theme). Although the study asked specifically about racial socialization, some responses indicated that mothers engaged in cultural practices that included cultural markers and ethnic group identification (ethnic socialization theme). A few responses also represented neutral socialization that emphasized good behavior. Emergent categories included intra-racial discrimination and bicultural socialization. More frequently than girls, boys reported having discrimination experiences without discussing race with mothers. Girls reported more intra-racial discrimination messages, as well as bicultural and neutral messages than boys. These findings can help Hmong American adolescents and their families continue to build successful strategies for dealing with racism and discrimination, and support understanding how Asian Americans address racialized experiences in the U.S.

这项研究调查了苗族美国青少年对其母亲的看法，以帮助他们在城市环境中将种族理解为亚裔美国青年。24 名 14 至 18 岁的苗族美国青少年（M= 15.8; 67% 女性；54% 在美国出生，46% 在东南亚出生）在获得机构审查委员会批准后参加了半结构化面试。定向内容分析揭示了种族、民族和中立社会化实践的三个主题。通常，回复反映了种族主义意识、种族群体认同和多样性意识的类别，以及没有讨论种族（种族社会化主题）。尽管该研究专门询问了种族社会化，但一些答复表明，母亲从事的文化实践包括文化标志和种族群体认同（种族社会化主题）。一些反应也代表了强调良好行为的中性社会化。新兴类别包括种族内歧视和双文化社会化。男孩比女孩更频繁地报告有歧视经历而没有与母亲讨论种族问题。女孩比男孩报告了更多的种族内歧视信息，以及双文化和中性信息。这些发现可以帮助苗族美国青少年及其家人继续制定应对种族主义和歧视的成功策略，并支持了解亚裔美国人如何应对美国的种族化经历