There is strong support for the view that children growing up in low-income homes typically evince poorer performance on tests of inhibitory control compared to those growing up in higher income homes. Unfortunately, the vast majority of the work documenting this association has been conducted in high-income countries. It is not yet known whether the mechanisms found to mediate this association would generalize to children in low- and middle-income countries, where the risks of exposure to extreme poverty and a wide range of both biological and psychosocial hazards may be greater. We examined relations among early adversity, neural correlates of inhibitory control, and cognitive outcomes in 154 5-year-old children living in Dhaka, Bangladesh, an area with a high prevalence of poverty. Participants completed a go/no-go task assessing inhibitory control and their behavioral and event-related potential responses were assessed. Cortical source analysis was performed. We collected measures of poverty, malnutrition, maternal mental health, psychosocial adversity, and cognitive skills. Supporting studies in high-income countries, children in this sample exhibited a longer N2 latency and higher P3 amplitude to the no-go versus go condition. Unexpectedly, children had a more pronounced N2 amplitude during go trials than no-go trials. The N2 latency was related to their behavioral accuracy on the go/no-go task. The P3 mean amplitude, behavioral accuracy, and reaction time during the task were all associated with intelligence-quotient (IQ) scores. Children who experienced higher levels of psychosocial adversity had lower accuracy on the task and lower IQ scores.

中文翻译：

---

暴露于早期逆境的孟加拉国儿童抑制控制的神经相关性和与认知结果的关联

与在高收入家庭长大的孩子相比，在低收入家庭长大的孩子在抑制控制测试中的表现通常较差，这一观点得到了强有力的支持。不幸的是，绝大多数记录这种关联的工作都是在高收入国家进行的。目前尚不清楚调解这种关联的机制是否会推广到低收入和中等收入国家的儿童，在这些国家，暴露于极端贫困和广泛的生物和社会心理危害的风险可能更大。我们检查了生活在孟加拉国达卡（贫困率很高的地区）的 154 名 5 岁儿童的早期逆境、抑制控制的神经关联和认知结果之间的关系。参与者完成了一项评估抑制控制的通过/不通过任务，并评估了他们的行为和事件相关的潜在反应。进行皮质源分析。我们收集了贫困、营养不良、孕产妇心理健康、社会心理逆境和认知技能的衡量标准。支持在高收入国家进行的研究，该样本中的儿童表现出更长的 N2 潜伏期和更高的 P3 振幅到 no-go 与 go 条件。出乎意料的是，与不进行试验相比，儿童在进行试验期间的 N2 振幅更为明显。N2 延迟与他们在执行/不执行任务中的行为准确性有关。任务期间的 P3 平均振幅、行为准确性和反应时间都与智商 (IQ) 分数相关。