The North African helicid Gyrostomella has been considered closely related to Levantina, suggesting a disjunct distribution with a distribution gap of almost 2000 km in North Africa. We studied this disjunction and the systematics of Helicinae using molecular markers. Our analyses indicate an affiliation of Gyrostomella with the radiation of Helicinae in the Maghreb, especially with Maurohelix. The occurrence of Gyrostomella in Libya does not represent a western outpost of Helicini in North Africa, but an eastern outpost of the Maghreb radiation of Helicinae. The disjunction of Gyrostomella in Libya and Maurohelix in Algeria may be the result of a long-distance dispersal or may represent relicts of a larger range of the lineage in the past as a consequence of aridification processes in North Africa. Taking into account biogeographic patterns, we suggest a subdivision of Helicinae into four tribes: Allognathini, Helicini, Maculariini trib. nov. and Thebini. The Eastern Mediterranean Helicini diverged from the Western Mediterranean clade in the Eocene. The Western Mediterranean clade then split into Allognathini in the Iberian Peninsula, Maculariini in the region of the future western Alps and Thebini on terranes probably including the Rif-Betic and Kabylies blocks that now form part of the Maghreb region.

中文翻译：

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一个被误解的分离：北非蜗牛 Gyrostomella 的系统发育关系（Gastropoda：Stylommatophora：Helicidae）

北非螺旋体 Gyrostomella 被认为与 Levantina 密切相关，这表明在北非有近 2000 公里的分布差距。我们使用分子标记研究了螺旋藻的这种分离和系统学。我们的分析表明 Gyrostomella 与马格里布 Helicinae 的辐射有关，尤其是与 Maurohelix 的辐射有关。Gyrostomella在利比亚的出现并不代表Helicini在北非的西部前哨，而是Helicinae马格里布辐射的东部前哨。利比亚的 Gyrostomella 和阿尔及利亚的 Maurohelix 的分离可能是远距离传播的结果，也可能是过去北非干旱化过程的结果，可能代表了过去更大范围的谱系残留物。考虑到生物地理模式，我们建议将 Helicinae 细分为四个部落：Allognathini、Helicini、Maculariini trib。十一月 和提比尼。东地中海 Helicini 与始新世的西地中海分支分道扬镳。西地中海分支随后分裂为伊比利亚半岛的 Allognathini、未来西阿尔卑斯山地区的 Maculariini 和地块上的 Thebini，可能包括现在构成马格里布地区一部分的 Rif-Betic 和 Kabylies 地块。