This article argues that historians have underestimated the agency which Catholics, a politico-religious minority within the Dutch Republic, wielded in surviving the Reformed regime in seventeenth-century Utrecht, the main theatre of the confessional struggle between Calvinists and Catholics on Dutch soil. The Reformed public authorities strategically attempted to deprive Catholics of their spaces where they could live as Catholics, claiming that they were being Catholic too publicly even inside their private homes. Catholics, for their part, persisted in practising their faith not only in their houses, but also in public facilities, tactically deploying diverse spatial practices; they continued to use the urban space as they had in medieval times, and newly appropriated that space as they sought to adjust to the early modern environment of confessional coexistence. Through their spatial practices, Catholics not only actively facilitated their Catholic way of life, but also played an indispensable role in transforming Utrecht from a mono-religious medieval city to a multi-confessional early modern city. The Utrecht case thus bears witness to a hitherto neglected, yet surprisingly dynamic agency exercised by politico-religious minorities in shaping an urban landscape of coexistence.

中文翻译：

---

改造城市空间：天主教通过改革后乌得勒支的空间实践生存

本文认为，历史学家低估了天主教徒（荷兰共和国内的政治宗教少数群体）在 17 世纪乌得勒支改革宗政权中所发挥的作用，该政权是荷兰土地上加尔文主义者和天主教徒之间忏悔斗争的主要舞台。改革宗公共当局战略性地试图剥夺天主教徒可以作为天主教徒生活的空间，声称他们即使在私人住宅中也过于公开地信奉天主教。就天主教徒而言，他们不仅在自己的房屋中，而且在公共设施中坚持践行信仰，策略性地部署了多样化的空间实践；他们继续像中世纪一样使用城市空间，并在他们试图适应早期现代的忏悔共存环境时新占用了那个空间。通过他们的空间实践，天主教徒不仅积极促进了他们的天主教生活方式，而且在将乌得勒支从单一宗教的中世纪城市转变为多信仰的早期现代城市方面发挥了不可或缺的作用。因此，乌得勒支案见证了政治-宗教少数群体在塑造共存的城市景观方面所发挥的迄今为止被忽视但令人惊讶的动态机构。