Agricultural land use is transforming rapidly in Southeast Asia, often supported by development policies aiming primarily at economic growth. However, the socioeconomic outcomes of these changes for smallholder farmers remain unclear. Here, we systematically review cases of agricultural land use change in Southeast Asia to assess their socioeconomic outcomes and potential trade-off and synergies in these outcomes. Of the 126 reviewed cases, we find mostly positive outcomes for income (SDG 1, 100 cases) and employment (SDG 8, 11 cases), while outcomes on health (SDG 3, 9 cases) were mixed, and outcomes for food security (SDG 2, 44 cases), gender equality (SDG 5, 13 cases), and economic equality (SDG 10, 14 cases) were mostly negative. Studies describing multiple outcomes show indications of synergies between income and food security, and between income and employment, but also potential trade-offs between income and economic equality. In addition, we find that economic land concessions result in multiple negative outcomes more often than other types of land governance regimes. The results provide evidence that economic gains from agricultural land use change often come at a cost of other dimensions of sustainable development.

东南亚的农业土地利用方式正在迅速转变，这通常得到主要以经济增长为目标的发展政策的支持。然而，这些变化对小农户的社会经济结果仍不清楚。在这里，我们系统地回顾了东南亚农业土地利用变化的案例，以评估其社会经济成果以及这些成果中的潜在权衡和协同作用。在审查的 126 个案例中，我们发现收入（可持续发展目标 1，100 例）和就业（可持续发展目标 8，11 例）的结果大多是积极的，而健康（可持续发展目标 3，9 例）的结果好坏参半，粮食安全的结果（ SDG 2，44 例）、性别平等（SDG 5，13 例）和经济平等（SDG 10，14 例）大多是负面的。描述多种结果的研究显示了收入与粮食安全之间的协同作用，收入和就业之间，以及收入和经济平等之间的潜在权衡。此外，我们发现经济土地特许权比其他类型的土地治理制度更经常导致多重负面结果。结果证明，农业土地利用变化带来的经济收益往往是以可持续发展的其他方面为代价的。