Icelandic soils develop in a dynamic environment affected by both natural processes and anthropogenic impacts. We present an extensive investigation of soil mineralogy and pedogenesis in a disturbed (i.e., by solifluction) pedon under such conditions. The study focuses on two distinct tephra layers, a rhyolitic tephra from the Öræfajökull eruption in 1362 CE (Ö1362) and a basaltic Veiðivötn tephra from 1477 CE (V1477). Both tephra layers form an important parent material in the study area south of Vatnajökull, Iceland. The Andosol developed from tephra and aeolian material, rich in volcanic glass. The pH (H₂O) values were between 5.5 and 6.6 and clay mineralogy displayed a predominance of allophanic material in both soil and tephra. The pedon can be seen in its early stage of chemical weathering and soil development. Despite the overall predominance of non- and poorly-crystalline short-range order secondary materials and Fe (hydr)oxides in the clay-size fraction, we found indication of smectite. High exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations reflect enhanced aeolian input of volcanic material, while elevated exchangeable-Na⁺ concentrations are most likely caused by the oceanic composition of precipitation. The impact of erosion and aeolian processes on pedogenesis seemed to be higher between the deposition of Ö1362 and V1477, than in the soils above. Both, soil and tephra layers appeared disturbed by erosion–deposition processes over time. Characterised by a significantly coarser particle size composition, low soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and a more diverse mineralogy, a distinct fluvial sediment layer at 10–30 cm depth appeared sharply contrasting to the other soil layers in the profile. This possibly reflects the diverse composition of glaciofluvial material from a landslide originating from a Kvíárjökull moraine in the north. Changed weathering patterns and properties in the soils above the Ö1362 tephra indicated soil degradation following the deposition of the rhyolitic tephra.

中文翻译：

---

环境因素对冰岛瓦特纳冰川以南早期安多溶胶发育的影响

冰岛土壤在受自然过程和人为影响影响的动态环境中发育。在这种条件下，我们对扰乱（即，通过固溶）土壤中的土壤矿物学和成土作用进行了广泛的调查。该研究的重点是两个不同的火山灰层，一个是公元 1362 年 Öræfajökull 喷发 (Ö1362) 的流纹岩火山灰，另一个是公元 1477 年 (V1477) 的玄武岩 Veiðivötn 火山灰。在冰岛瓦特纳冰川以南的研究区，两个火山灰层形成了重要的母质。Andosol 由火山灰和风成物质发展而来，富含火山玻璃。pH (H ₂O) 值介于 5.5 和 6.6 之间，粘土矿物学在土壤和火山灰中都显示出以脲素物质为主。在化学风化和土壤发育的早期阶段可以看到踏板。尽管粘土尺寸部分中非结晶和低结晶的短程有序二次材料和铁（氢）氧化物总体占主导地位，但我们发现了绿土的迹象。高可交换 Ca ²⁺和 Mg ²⁺浓度反映火山物质的风成输入增强，而可交换-Na ^{+浓度升高}浓度很可能是由降水的海洋成分引起的。在 Ö1362 和 V1477 的沉积之间，侵蚀和风成过程对成土作用的影响似乎高于上述土壤。随着时间的推移，土壤和火山灰层似乎都受到侵蚀沉积过程的干扰。以显着更粗的粒度组成、低土壤有机碳 (SOC) 含量和更多样化的矿物学为特征，10-30 厘米深度的明显河流沉积层与剖面中的其他土壤层形成鲜明对比。这可能反映了源自北部 Kvíárjökull 冰碛的滑坡中冰川物质的多样化组成。