This article surveys the usages of the term de 德 in the Zuozhuan《左傳》. It demonstrates the term’s hermeneutical richness: de could refer to charismatic power, to political potency, to proper decorum, to mildness and kindness in domestic or interstate affairs, to individual morality, and so forth. Behind this richness, though, we may discern a clear predominance of political usages of de and paucity of references to de as personal moral virtue. Notably, Zuozhuan never refers to de in the context of moral self-cultivation. The article discusses the reasons for this peculiarity.

中文翻译：

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左传《左传》中的德德

本文调查了术语de的用法 德在《左传》左传》。它展示了这个词在解释学上的丰富性：de可以指魅力权力、政治力量、适当的礼仪、国内或州际事务中的温和和善良、个人道德等等。然而，在这种丰富的背后，我们可以看出 de 的政治用法明显占主导地位，并且很少提及de作为个人道德美德。值得注意的是，《左传》从来没有在道德修养的语境中提及德。文章讨论了这种特殊性的原因。