An archaeometallographic analysis of the iron tools from Ancient Russian sites enabled the authors to conclude that the manufacturing of high-quality items from black metal in Ancient Rus’ was based on the technological welding of the iron base and steel blade. The analysis allowed for changes in the production technology to be traced over time. Thus, it was typical for 10th–11th-century blacksmiths primarily to use three-fold technology, while welding-on was more typical during the 12th–15th centuries. Such technologies reflect different production traditions. One of these technologies, the Scandinavian (three-fold welding technology), brought the most remarkable results in the evolving urban craft. Its implementation was explosive, indeed, but had no essential impact on the further development of Russian iron processing. The other technology – the Slavic – was distinguished by the application of welding-on technology and spread gradually, but turned out to be more sustainable and kept its importance until the beginning of the industrial production of ironware. The interaction of these two traditions determined the character of the Ancient Russian model of blacksmithing.

中文翻译：

---

古罗斯锻造技术传统

对来自古俄罗斯遗址的铁制工具进行的考古金相分析使作者得出结论，古罗斯用黑色金属制造高品质物品的基础是铁基和钢刀片的技术焊接。该分析允许随着时间的推移跟踪生产技术的变化。因此，10 至 11 世纪的铁匠通常主要使用三重技术，而焊接在 12 至 15 世纪更为典型。这些技术反映了不同的生产传统。其中一项技术，斯堪的纳维亚（三重焊接技术），在不断发展的城市工艺中带来了最显着的成果。它的实施确实具有爆炸性，但对俄罗斯铁加工的进一步发展没有产生实质性影响。另一种技术——斯拉夫技术——以焊接技术的应用而著称并逐渐传播开来，但事实证明它更具可持续性，并且在铁器工业生产开始之前一直保持其重要性。这两种传统的相互作用决定了古俄罗斯锻造模式的特征。