Questionable research practices have generated considerable recent interest throughout and beyond the scientific community. We subsume such practices involving secret data snooping that influences subsequent statistical inference under the term MESSing (manipulating evidence subject to snooping) and discuss, illustrate and quantify the possibly dramatic effects of several forms of MESSing using an empirical and a simple theoretical example. The empirical example uses numbers from the most popular German lottery, which seem to suggest that 13 is an unlucky number.

中文翻译：

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倒霉的13号？操纵受窥探的证据

可疑的研究实践最近引起了科学界内外的相当大的兴趣。我们将此类涉及秘密数据窥探的做法包含在 MESSing（操纵受窥探的证据）术语下，并使用经验和简单的理论示例讨论、说明和量化几种形式的 MESSing 可能产生的巨大影响。经验示例使用最流行的德国彩票中的数字，这似乎表明 13 是一个不吉利的数字。