The establishment of an early warning indicator system is the foundation and the key to prevent the unsafe acts of air traffic controllers (ATCers). Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the early warning indicators for controllers' unsafe acts. Data were encoded through grounded theory and HFACS, and the early warning indicator system was designed. The parameter values were calculated by using the data collected from the expert questionnaire survey. Combining the existing safety performance indicators and expert opinions, the measurement and judgment of indicators were clarified. The results show that the early warning indicator system includes four levels: environment, organization, supervision and ATCers. Among the indicators, the mean values of “degree of job skills mastered,” “intensity of working load,” “lack of safety awareness and responsibility” rank the first three. Based on the findings of this study, the unsafe acts of ATCers can be effectively alerted.

中文翻译：

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空中交通管制员不安全行为的风险预警指标

建立预警指标体系是预防空中交通管制员（ATCers）不安全行为的基础和关键。因此，本研究的目的是确定管制员不安全行为的预警指标。通过扎根理论和HFACS对数据进行编码，设计了预警指标系统。通过使用从专家问卷调查中收集的数据计算参数值。结合现有安全绩效指标和专家意见，明确了指标的测算和判断。结果表明，预警指标体系包括环境、组织、监督和空管人员四个层次。指标中，“工作技能掌握程度”、“工作强度、”“缺乏安全意识和责任感”排名前三。根据本研究的结果，可以有效警示空中交通管制人员的不安全行为。