Macrophages and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are distributed throughout the body, maintaining tissue homeostasis and tolerance to self and orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity against infection and cancer. As they complement each other, it is important to understand how they cooperate and the mechanisms that integrate their functions. Both are exposed to commensal microbes, pathogens, and other environmental challenges that differ widely among anatomical locations and over time. To adjust to these varying conditions, macrophages and cDCs acquire spatiotemporal adaptations (STAs) at different stages of their life cycle that determine how they respond to infection. The STAs acquired in response to previous infections can result in increased responsiveness to infection, termed training, or in reduced responses, termed paralysis, which in extreme cases can cause immunosuppression. Understanding the developmental stage and location where macrophages and cDCs acquire their STAs, and the molecular and cellular players involved in their induction, may afford opportunities to harness their beneficial outcomes and avoid or reverse their deleterious effects. Here we review our current understanding of macrophage and cDC development, life cycle, function, and STA acquisition before, during, and after infection.We propose a unified framework to explain how these two cell types adjust their activities to changing conditions over space and time to coordinate their immunosurveillance functions.

中文翻译：

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巨噬细胞和树突细胞发育和功能的时空适应

巨噬细胞和传统树突状细胞 (cDC) 分布在全身各处，维持组织稳态和自我耐受性，并协调针对感染和癌症的先天和适应性免疫。由于它们相互补充，了解它们如何合作以及整合其功能的机制非常重要。两者都面临着共生微生物、病原体和其他环境挑战，这些挑战因解剖位置和时间的不同而存在很大差异。为了适应这些不同的条件，巨噬细胞和 cDC 在其生命周期的不同阶段获得时空适应 (STA)，这决定了它们如何应对感染。针对先前感染而获得的 STA 可能会导致对感染的反应性增强（称为训练），或导致反应性降低（称为麻痹），在极端情况下可能会导致免疫抑制。了解巨噬细胞和 cDC 获得 STA 的发育阶段和位置，以及参与其诱导的分子和细胞参与者，可能会提供利用其有益结果并避免或逆转其有害影响的机会。在这里，我们回顾了目前对巨噬细胞和 cDC 发育、生命周期、功能以及感染前、感染期间和感染后 STA 获取的理解。我们提出了一个统一的框架来解释这两种细胞类型如何根据空间和时间的变化调整其活动协调其免疫监视功能。