The biodiversity of mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi (basidiomycetes) is declining, and many species are threatened in forests. Based on data from a 30-year fruiting body survey from 1988 to 2017 in the region of the city of Jena (100,000 inhabitants, 4500 ha forest), Germany, we evaluated the role of the urban environment with a variation of ownership, property size, associated management, and high diversity of woody species for the presence of non-red list and red-list fungal species. We found that (i) the urban area hosted 1172 mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting basidiomycete macrofungi, identified on 64 woody host genera, representing 23% of the total German basidiomycetes on 0.4‰ of the German forest area. Among these species, 194 species (16%) are threatened according to the German Red List; (ii) a few common forest tree genera (Fagaceae and Pinaceae) hosted 90% of the total and red-list fungal species detected in this study; (iii) plant identity and host functional groups rather than plant phylogeny shaped the community composition and richness of mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi; (iv) conifers contributed 68% and 51% and broad-leaved trees 81% and 74% to total and red-list fungal diversity, respectively; (v) red-list species occurred mainly on common forest trees and shrubs from Fagaceae, Pinaceae, Betulaceae, Salicaceae, and Oleaceae, especially on native ones; and (vi) a few exotic trees (Robinia pseudoacacia and Pseudotsuga menziesii) supported a diverse native fungal flora. We conclude that urban areas can serve as an important zone for maintaining mycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting macrofungi by promoting a high heterogeneity of land use, ownership, and a high diversity of woody species.

菌根和栖息于木材的大型真菌（担子菌）的生物多样性正在下降，许多物种在森林中受到威胁。根据 1988 年至 2017 年在德国耶拿市（100,000 名居民，4500 公顷森林）地区进行的为期 30 年的子实体调查数据，我们评估了城市环境对所有权、财产规模变化的影响，相关管理，以及非红色名录和红色名录真菌物种存在的木本物种的高度多样性。我们发现 (i) 市区拥有 1172 种菌根和木栖担子菌，在 64 个木本寄主属中鉴定，占德国森林面积 0.4‰ 的德国担子菌总数的 23%。在这些物种中，根据德国红色名录，有 194 个物种（16%）受到威胁；(ii) 一些常见的林木属（Fagaceae 和 Pinaceae）占本研究中检测到的总真菌物种和红色名录真菌物种的 90%；(iii) 植物特性和宿主功能群，而不是植物系统发育决定了菌根和木栖大型真菌的群落组成和丰富度；(iv) 针叶树对总真菌多样性和红色名录真菌多样性的贡献分别为 68% 和 51%，阔叶树分别为 81% 和 74%；(v) 红色名录物种主要出现在常见的森林乔木和灌木中，如山毛榉科、松科、桦木科、杨柳科和木犀科，尤其是本地树种；(vi) 一些奇异的树木 ( (iii) 植物特性和宿主功能群，而不是植物系统发育决定了菌根和木栖大型真菌的群落组成和丰富度；(iv) 针叶树对总真菌多样性和红色名录真菌多样性的贡献分别为 68% 和 51%，阔叶树分别为 81% 和 74%；(v) 红色名录物种主要出现在常见的森林乔木和灌木中，如山毛榉科、松科、桦木科、杨柳科和木犀科，尤其是本地树种；(vi) 一些奇异的树木 ( (iii) 植物特性和宿主功能群，而不是植物系统发育决定了菌根和木栖大型真菌的群落组成和丰富度；(iv) 针叶树对总真菌多样性和红色名录真菌多样性的贡献分别为 68% 和 51%，阔叶树分别为 81% 和 74%；(v) 红色名录物种主要出现在常见的森林乔木和灌木中，如山毛榉科、松科、桦木科、杨柳科和木犀科，尤其是本地树种；(vi) 一些奇异的树木 (Robinia pseudoacacia和Pseudotsuga menziesii ) 支持多种原生真菌植物群。我们得出结论，通过促进土地利用、所有权和木本物种的高度多样性，城市地区可以成为维持菌根和栖息于木材的大型真菌的重要区域。