Previous phylogenetic studies of the tribe Synergini were focused on Palaearctic material, in which the genus Synergus was recovered as monophyletic, despite evidence of non-monophyly when global sampling is considered. A global molecular phylogeny of Synergini, including sequenced material from Nearctic and Neotropical realms, is presented herein for the first time. We assembled DNA data for 120 specimens: 104 representing all genera belonging to Synergini, except for the rare monospecific genus Agastoroxenia (ingroup), and 16 belonging to five other tribes of Cynipidae (outgroup). We obtained sequences for four genes: cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (Cytb), 28S region D2 (28S D2) and 28S region D3 (28S D3). The evaluated analyses support the non-monophyly of both Saphonecrus and Synergus (with Nearctic and Neotropical Synergus resolved into three clades separated from the Palaearctic species), as well as the monophyly of the rest of the genera in Synergini. Furthermore, the results suggest that neither Saphonecrus s.s. nor Synergus s.s. are present in the New World. The future challenges to separate the clades of Saphonecrus and Synergus into new taxa are discussed. Lastly, Rhoophilus was shown to belong to a new tribe, Rhoophilini trib. nov., on the basis of molecular, morphological and biological data.

中文翻译：

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瘿蜂部落 Synergini（膜翅目：Cynipoidea：Cynipidae）的全球系统发育：第一次洞察和建立一个新的 cynipid 部落

先前对 Synergini 部落的系统发育研究主要集中在古北界物质上，其中 Synergus 属被恢复为单系，尽管在考虑全球采样时有非单系的证据。Synergini 的全球分子系统发育，包括来自近北和新热带领域的测序材料，首次在本文中介绍。我们收集了 120 个样本的 DNA 数据：104 个代表属于 Synergini 的所有属，除了罕见的单特异性属 Agastoroxenia（内群），16 个属于 Cynipidae 的其他五个部落（外群）。我们获得了四个基因的序列：细胞色素 c 氧化酶亚基 I (COI)、细胞色素 b (Cytb)、28S 区域 D2 (28S D2) 和 28S 区域 D3 (28S D3)。评估分析支持 Saphonecrus 和 Synergus 的非单一性（近北和新热带 Synergus 分解为与古北物种分离的三个进化枝），以及 Synergini 中其余属的单一性。此外，结果表明 Saphonecrus ss 和 Synergus ss 都不存在于新大陆。讨论了将 Saphonecrus 和 Synergus 的进化枝分离成新分类群的未来挑战。最后，Rhoophilus 被证明属于一个新部落，Rhoophilini trib。11 月，基于分子、形态和生物学数据。讨论了将 Saphonecrus 和 Synergus 的进化枝分离成新分类群的未来挑战。最后，Rhoophilus 被证明属于一个新部落，Rhoophilini trib。11 月，基于分子、形态和生物学数据。讨论了将 Saphonecrus 和 Synergus 的进化枝分离成新分类群的未来挑战。最后，Rhoophilus 被证明属于一个新部落，Rhoophilini trib。11 月，基于分子、形态和生物学数据。